Abstract
Drought is significant abiotic stress that affects the development and yield of many crops. The present study is to investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biochar on root morphological traits, growth, and physiological traits in soybean under water stress. Impact of AMF and biochar on development and root morphological traits in soybean and AMF spores number and the soil enzymes' activities were studied under drought conditions. After 40 days, plant growth parameters were measured. Drought stress negatively affected soybean growth, root parameters, physiological traits, microbial biomass, and soil enzyme activities. Biochar and AMF individually increase significantly plant growth (plant height, root dry weight, and nodule number), root parameters such as root diameter, root surface area, total root length, root volume, and projected area, total chlorophyll content, and nitrogen content in soybean over to control in water stress. In drought conditions, dual applications of AMF and biochar significantly enhanced shoot and root growth parameters, total chlorophyll, and nitrogen contents in soybean than control. Combined with biochar and AMF positively affects AMF spores number, microbial biomass, and soil enzyme activities in water stress conditions. In drought stress, dual applications of biochar and AMF increase microbial biomass by 28.3%, AMF spores number by 52.0%, alkaline phosphomonoesterase by 45.9%, dehydrogenase by 46.5%, and fluorescein diacetate by 52.2%, activities. The combined application of biochar and AMF enhance growth, root parameters in soybean and soil enzyme activities, and water stress tolerance. Dual applications with biochar and AMF benefit soybean cultivation under water stress conditions.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and AMF individually increased plant growth (plant height, root dry weight, nodule number) over control under water stress.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- Biochar and AMF individuallye1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Qualifier
- in water stresse2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean under drought conditions”
e1“Biochar and AMF individually increase significantly plant growth (plant height, root dry weight, and nodule number)”
e2“over to control in water stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and AMF individually increased root diameter, root surface area and total root length over control under water stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Biochar and AMF individuallye1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- root diameter, root surface area, total root lengthe3
- Direction
- increasee1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean under drought conditions”
e1“Biochar and AMF individually increase significantly plant growth (plant height, root dry weight, and nodule number)”
e2“over to control in water stress”
e3“root parameters such as root diameter, root surface area, total root length, root volume, and projected area”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and AMF individually increased root volume and projected area over control under water stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Biochar and AMF individuallye1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- root volume, and projected areae3
- Direction
- increasee1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean under drought conditions”
e1“Biochar and AMF individually increase significantly plant growth (plant height, root dry weight, and nodule number)”
e2“over to control in water stress”
e3“root parameters such as root diameter, root surface area, total root length, root volume, and projected area”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and AMF individually increased total chlorophyll and nitrogen content over control under water stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Biochar and AMF individuallye1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll content, and nitrogen contente4
- Direction
- increasee1
- Qualifier
- in water stresse4
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean under drought conditions”
e1“Biochar and AMF individually increase significantly plant growth (plant height, root dry weight, and nodule number)”
e4“total chlorophyll content, and nitrogen content in soybean over to control in water stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual AMF and biochar applications significantly enhanced shoot and root growth parameters over control in drought conditions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dual applications of AMF and biochare5
- Interactor
- AMFe5symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot and root growth parameterse5
- Direction
- enhancede5
- Qualifier
- In drought conditionse5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean under drought conditions”
e5“In drought conditions, dual applications of AMF and biochar significantly enhanced shoot and root growth parameters, total chlorophyll, and nitrogen contents in soybean than control”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual AMF and biochar applications significantly enhanced total chlorophyll and nitrogen contents over control in drought conditions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dual applications of AMF and biochare5
- Interactor
- AMFe5symbiont
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll, and nitrogen contentse5
- Direction
- enhancede5
- Qualifier
- In drought conditionse5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean under drought conditions”
e5“In drought conditions, dual applications of AMF and biochar significantly enhanced shoot and root growth parameters, total chlorophyll, and nitrogen contents in soybean than control”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual biochar and AMF applications increased microbial biomass by 28.3 % under drought stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dual applications of biochar and AMFe6
- Interactor
- AMFe6symbiont
- Outcome
- microbial biomasse6
- Direction
- increasee6
- Value
- 28.3%e6
- Qualifier
- In drought stresse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean under drought conditions”
e6“In drought stress, dual applications of biochar and AMF increase microbial biomass by 28.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual biochar and AMF applications increased AMF spore number by 52.0 % under drought stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dual applications of biochar and AMFe6
- Interactor
- AMFe7symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF spores numbere7
- Direction
- increasee6
- Value
- 52.0%e7
- Qualifier
- In drought stresse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean under drought conditions”
e6“In drought stress, dual applications of biochar and AMF increase microbial biomass by 28.3%”
e7“AMF spores number by 52.0%”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual biochar and AMF applications increased alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity by 45.9 % under drought stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dual applications of biochar and AMFe6
- Interactor
- AMFe6symbiont
- Outcome
- alkaline phosphomonoesterasee7
- Direction
- increasee6
- Value
- 45.9%e7
- Qualifier
- In drought stresse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean under drought conditions”
e6“In drought stress, dual applications of biochar and AMF increase microbial biomass by 28.3%”
e7“alkaline phosphomonoesterase by 45.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual biochar and AMF applications increased dehydrogenase activity by 46.5 % under drought stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dual applications of biochar and AMFe6
- Interactor
- AMFe6symbiont
- Outcome
- dehydrogenasee7
- Direction
- increasee6
- Value
- 46.5%e7
- Qualifier
- In drought stresse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean under drought conditions”
e6“In drought stress, dual applications of biochar and AMF increase microbial biomass by 28.3%”
e7“dehydrogenase by 46.5%”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual biochar and AMF applications increased fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis by 52.2 % under drought stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dual applications of biochar and AMFe6
- Interactor
- AMFe6symbiont
- Outcome
- fluorescein diacetatee7
- Direction
- increasee6
- Value
- 52.2%e7
- Qualifier
- In drought stresse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean under drought conditions”
e6“In drought stress, dual applications of biochar and AMF increase microbial biomass by 28.3%”
e7“fluorescein diacetate by 52.2%”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress negatively affected soybean growth and root parameters.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Drought stresse1
- Outcome
- soybean growth, root parameterse1
- Direction
- negatively affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean under drought conditions”
e1“Drought stress negatively affected soybean growth, root parameters, physiological traits, microbial biomass, and soil enzyme activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress negatively affected physiological traits, microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Drought stresse1
- Outcome
- physiological traits, microbial biomass, and soil enzyme activitiese1
- Direction
- negatively affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean under drought conditions”
e1“Drought stress negatively affected soybean growth, root parameters, physiological traits, microbial biomass, and soil enzyme activities”
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