Abstract
Enhancing crop productivity while maintaining soil health remains a significant challenge in tropical agroecosystems, particularly in pulse-based systems such as green gram ( Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Excessive use of chemical fertilizers has led to long-term declines in soil fertility, highlighting the need for sustainable nutrient management approaches. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of various organic composts and cow-based formulations on soil health, root growth, nutrient uptake, and productivity of green gram. A two-year field experiment was conducted using a split-plot design with three replications. Main plot treatments included five organic manures: cow farmyard manure (FYM 5.0 t ha -1 ), cow dung compost (CDC 5.0 t ha -1 ), buffalo dung compost (BDC 5.0 t ha -1 ), goat dung compost (GDC 5.0 t ha -1 ), and goat dung compost (GDC 2.5 t ha -1 ). Sub-plot treatments comprised cow urine spray (CU5%), biodynamic manure BD-500 (75 g ha -1 soil spray), and BD-501 (2.5 g ha -1 plant spray). Application of GDC at 5 t ha -1 significantly increased seed and stover yields by 17.4% and 23.1%, respectively, over FYM, and improved soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, and phosphorus, comparable to CDC. Higher GDC rates (5 t ha -1 ) outperformed the lower dose (2.5 t ha -1 ), with consistent benefits across both years. Cow-based bioformulations provided additional improvements but were secondary to the effects of compost. Higher rates (5.0 t ha -1 ) of goat or cow compost substantially enhance green gram productivity and key soil fertility indicators. • Goat dung compost 5 t ha -1 (GDC5) improved greengram height to 53.9 cm and pod number to 24.1, boosting yield. • Root nodules peaked with GDC5 at 32 plant -1 and dry weight 0.256 g, 25% above goat dung compost 2.5 t ha -1 (GDC2.5). • Seed yield rose 17–23% and stover yield 14–20% under GDC5 compared to FYM5 control. • Soil fertility improved with GDC5, recording SOC 0.251% and N 174 kg ha -1 post-harvest. • Fresh cow urine 5% (CU5%) spray enhanced nutrient uptake, raising seed N to 28.5 kg ha -1 and P to 4.05 kg ha -1 .
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Goat dung compost at 5 t ha -1 significantly increased seed yield by 17.4% over FYM in green gram.
- Taxon
- green gram
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiata var. radiatat0 - Organ / stage
- seede1
- Treatment
- Application of GDC at 5 t ha -1e1
- Outcome
- seed and stover yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 17.4%e1
- Comparator
- FYMe1
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)”
e0“A two-year field experiment was conducted using a split-plot design with three replications”
e1“Application of GDC at 5 t ha -1 significantly increased seed and stover yields by 17.4% and 23.1%, respectively, over FYM, and improved soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, and phosphorus, comparable to CDC”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat dung compost at 5 t ha -1 significantly increased stover yield by 23.1% over FYM in green gram.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Organ / stage
- stovere1
- Treatment
- Application of GDC at 5 t ha -1e1
- Outcome
- seed and stover yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 23.1%e1
- Comparator
- FYMe1
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)”
e0“A two-year field experiment was conducted using a split-plot design with three replications”
e1“Application of GDC at 5 t ha -1 significantly increased seed and stover yields by 17.4% and 23.1%, respectively, over FYM, and improved soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, and phosphorus, comparable to CDC”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat dung compost at 5 t ha -1 improved soil organic carbon, available nitrogen and phosphorus, comparable to cow dung compost.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- Application of GDC at 5 t ha -1e1
- Outcome
- soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, and phosphoruse1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Qualifier
- comparable to CDCe1
- Comparator
- CDCe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)”
e1“Application of GDC at 5 t ha -1 significantly increased seed and stover yields by 17.4% and 23.1%, respectively, over FYM, and improved soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, and phosphorus, comparable to CDC”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher goat dung compost rate (5 t ha -1) outperformed the lower dose (2.5 t ha -1) in green gram, with consistent benefits across both years.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- Higher GDC rates (5 t ha -1 )e2
- Outcome
- outperformede2
- Direction
- outperformede2
- Qualifier
- consistent benefits across both yearse2
- Comparator
- lower dose (2.5 t ha -1 )e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)”
e2“Higher GDC rates (5 t ha -1 ) outperformed the lower dose (2.5 t ha -1 ), with consistent benefits across both years”
Claim · model-written summary
Cow-based bioformulations gave additional improvements in green gram, secondary to the effects of compost.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- Cow-based bioformulationse3
- Outcome
- additional improvementse3
- Direction
- secondarye3
- Comparator
- composte3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)”
e3“Cow-based bioformulations provided additional improvements but were secondary to the effects of compost”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat dung compost at 5 t ha -1 improved green gram height to 53.9 cm.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- Goat dung compost 5 t ha -1 (GDC5)e4
- Outcome
- heighte4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 53.9 cme4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)”
e4“Goat dung compost 5 t ha -1 (GDC5) improved greengram height to 53.9 cm and pod number to 24.1, boosting yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat dung compost at 5 t ha -1 improved green gram pod number to 24.1.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- Goat dung compost 5 t ha -1 (GDC5)e4
- Outcome
- pod numbere4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 24.1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)”
e4“Goat dung compost 5 t ha -1 (GDC5) improved greengram height to 53.9 cm and pod number to 24.1, boosting yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat dung compost at 5 t ha -1 gave peak root nodule number of 32 per plant in green gram.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Organ / stage
- Roote5
- Treatment
- GDC5e5
- Outcome
- Root nodulese5
- Direction
- peakede5
- Value
- 32 plant -1e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)”
e5“Root nodules peaked with GDC5 at 32 plant -1 and dry weight 0.256 g, 25% above goat dung compost 2.5 t ha -1 (GDC2.5)”
Claim · model-written summary
Root nodule dry weight in green gram was 0.256 g under GDC5, 25% above goat dung compost 2.5 t ha -1.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- GDC5e5
- Outcome
- dry weighte5
- Direction
- abovee5
- Value
- 0.256 ge5
- Qualifier
- 25%e5
- Comparator
- goat dung compost 2.5 t ha -1 (GDC2.5)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)”
e5“Root nodules peaked with GDC5 at 32 plant -1 and dry weight 0.256 g, 25% above goat dung compost 2.5 t ha -1 (GDC2.5)”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat dung compost at 5 t ha -1 raised soil organic carbon to 0.251% in green gram fields.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- GDC5e6
- Outcome
- SOCe6
- Direction
- improvede6
- Value
- 0.251%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)”
e6“Soil fertility improved with GDC5, recording SOC 0.251% and N 174 kg ha -1 post-harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Goat dung compost at 5 t ha -1 gave post-harvest soil N of 174 kg ha -1 in green gram fields.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- GDC5e6
- Outcome
- Ne6
- Direction
- improvede6
- Value
- 174 kg ha -1e6
- Qualifier
- post-harveste6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)”
e6“Soil fertility improved with GDC5, recording SOC 0.251% and N 174 kg ha -1 post-harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh cow urine 5% spray enhanced nutrient uptake in green gram, raising seed N to 28.5 kg ha -1.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Organ / stage
- seede7
- Treatment
- Fresh cow urine 5% (CU5%) spraye7
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee7
- Direction
- enhancede7
- Value
- 28.5 kg ha -1e7
- Qualifier
- seed Ne7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)”
e7“Fresh cow urine 5% (CU5%) spray enhanced nutrient uptake, raising seed N to 28.5 kg ha -1 and P to 4.05 kg ha -1”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh cow urine 5% spray enhanced nutrient uptake in green gram, raising seed P to 4.05 kg ha -1.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Organ / stage
- seede7
- Treatment
- Fresh cow urine 5% (CU5%) spraye7
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee7
- Direction
- enhancede7
- Value
- 4.05 kg ha -1e7
- Qualifier
- Pe7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)”
e7“Fresh cow urine 5% (CU5%) spray enhanced nutrient uptake, raising seed N to 28.5 kg ha -1 and P to 4.05 kg ha -1”
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