Abstract
ABSTRACT Excessive nitrogen application in rice production leads to low translocation efficiency of photosynthates in stems and lodging, resulting in inadequate grain filling and yield loss. The application of nanotechnology and growth regulators provides a feasible way to solve these problems. In this study, field experiments were conducted to explore the effects of foliar spraying of different concentrations of carbon dots and melatonin combinations on rice growth and development, photosynthesis, accumulation and translocation of non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) in stems and leaves, stem strength and yield under reduced nitrogen input. The results showed that the combination of carbon dots and melatonin improved rice yield and stem lodging resistance under the condition of 20% nitrogen reduction. Specifically, application of 0.3 mg mL −1 carbon dots and 100 μmol mL −1 melatonin increased the grain yield by 7.5%–26.8%. Foliar spraying of carbon dots and melatonin increased the photosynthetic rate and leaf area index of rice leaves, thereby increasing the content of stem NSC and plant biomass by 37.2%–153.8% and 4.5%–23.5%, respectively, and promoted NSC translocation from stems (51.9%–127.1% apparent transferred mass) and leaves (66.7%–161.6% apparent transferred mass) to grains by increasing the number and cross‐sectional area of large and small vascular bundles of peduncle, the activities of α‐amylase, β‐amylase and SPS in stems, and upregulating the expression of sugar translocation related genes in stems, leaves and grains, and consequently improved the grain filling percentage and yield. In addition, foliar spraying of carbon dots and melatonin increased cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents in the basal stem by 10.8%–34.3%, 10.8%–42.1%, 17.2%–71.9%, and increased the basal internode stem diameter (+5.1%–10.8%), stem wall thickness (+6.3%–21.4%) and breaking resistance (+8.7%–66.7%), thus improving the lodging resistance of rice plants.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon dots and melatonin improved rice lodging resistance.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- combination of carbon dots and melatonine0
- Outcome
- stem lodging resistancee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 20% nitrogen reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of carbon dots and melatonin improved rice yield and stem lodging resistance under the condition of 20% nitrogen reduction”
e1“the combination of carbon dots and melatonin improved rice yield and stem lodging resistance under the condition of 20% nitrogen reduction”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon dots and melatonin increased grain yield by 7.5%–26.8%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 0.3 mg mL −1 carbon dots and 100 μmol mL −1 melatonine0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.5%–26.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of 0.3 mg mL −1 carbon dots and 100 μmol mL −1 melatonin increased the grain yield by 7.5%–26.8%”
e1“application of 0.3 mg mL −1 carbon dots and 100 μmol mL −1 melatonin increased the grain yield by 7.5%–26.8%”
t0“Rice”
t1“Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonin Improves Rice Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spraying increased rice leaf photosynthetic rate and leaf area index.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Foliar spraying of carbon dots and melatonine0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate and leaf area indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar spraying of carbon dots and melatonin increased the photosynthetic rate and leaf area index of rice leaves”
e1“Foliar spraying of carbon dots and melatonin increased the photosynthetic rate and leaf area index of rice leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying increased stem non-structural carbohydrate content by 37.2%–153.8%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonint1
- Outcome
- content of stem NSCe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 37.2%–153.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing the content of stem NSC and plant biomass by 37.2%–153.8% and 4.5%–23.5%, respectively”
e1“increasing the content of stem NSC and plant biomass by 37.2%–153.8% and 4.5%–23.5%, respectively”
t0“Rice”
t1“Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonin Improves Rice Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying increased plant biomass by 4.5%–23.5%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonint1
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 4.5%–23.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing the content of stem NSC and plant biomass by 37.2%–153.8% and 4.5%–23.5%, respectively”
e1“increasing the content of stem NSC and plant biomass by 37.2%–153.8% and 4.5%–23.5%, respectively”
t0“Rice”
t1“Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonin Improves Rice Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying increased apparent carbohydrate transfer from stems to grains by 51.9%–127.1%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonint1
- Outcome
- NSC translocation from stemse0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Value
- 51.9%–127.1% apparent transferred masse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoted NSC translocation from stems (51.9%–127.1% apparent transferred mass)”
e1“promoted NSC translocation from stems (51.9%–127.1% apparent transferred mass)”
t0“Rice”
t1“Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonin Improves Rice Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying increased apparent carbohydrate transfer from leaves to grains by 66.7%–161.6%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonint1
- Outcome
- apparent transferred masse0
- Value
- 66.7%–161.6% apparent transferred masse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaves (66.7%–161.6% apparent transferred mass) to grains”
e1“leaves (66.7%–161.6% apparent transferred mass) to grains”
t0“Rice”
t1“Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonin Improves Rice Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying increased peduncle vascular bundle number and cross-sectional area.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonint1
- Outcome
- number and cross‐sectional area of large and small vascular bundles of pedunclee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing the number and cross‐sectional area of large and small vascular bundles of peduncle”
e1“increasing the number and cross‐sectional area of large and small vascular bundles of peduncle”
t0“Rice”
t1“Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonin Improves Rice Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying increased stem α-amylase, β-amylase and SPS activities.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonint1
- Outcome
- activities of α‐amylase, β‐amylase and SPS in stemse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the activities of α‐amylase, β‐amylase and SPS in stems”
e1“the activities of α‐amylase, β‐amylase and SPS in stems”
t0“Rice”
t1“Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonin Improves Rice Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying upregulated sugar translocation genes in stems, leaves and grains.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonint1
- Outcome
- expression of sugar translocation related genese0
- Direction
- upregulatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulating the expression of sugar translocation related genes in stems, leaves and grains”
e1“upregulating the expression of sugar translocation related genes in stems, leaves and grains”
t0“Rice”
t1“Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonin Improves Rice Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying improved grain filling percentage.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonint1
- Outcome
- grain filling percentagee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved the grain filling percentage and yield”
e1“improved the grain filling percentage and yield”
t0“Rice”
t1“Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonin Improves Rice Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying increased basal stem cellulose by 10.8%–34.3%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonint1
- Outcome
- cellulosee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.8%–34.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents in the basal stem by 10.8%–34.3%, 10.8%–42.1%, 17.2%–71.9%”
e1“increased cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents in the basal stem by 10.8%–34.3%, 10.8%–42.1%, 17.2%–71.9%”
t0“Rice”
t1“Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonin Improves Rice Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying increased basal stem hemicellulose by 10.8%–42.1%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonint1
- Outcome
- hemicellulosee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.8%–42.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents in the basal stem by 10.8%–34.3%, 10.8%–42.1%, 17.2%–71.9%”
e1“increased cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents in the basal stem by 10.8%–34.3%, 10.8%–42.1%, 17.2%–71.9%”
t0“Rice”
t1“Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonin Improves Rice Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying increased basal stem lignin by 17.2%–71.9%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonint1
- Outcome
- lignin contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.2%–71.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents in the basal stem by 10.8%–34.3%, 10.8%–42.1%, 17.2%–71.9%”
e1“increased cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents in the basal stem by 10.8%–34.3%, 10.8%–42.1%, 17.2%–71.9%”
t0“Rice”
t1“Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonin Improves Rice Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying increased basal internode diameter by 5.1%–10.8%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonint1
- Outcome
- basal internode stem diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- +5.1%–10.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the basal internode stem diameter (+5.1%–10.8%)”
e1“increased the basal internode stem diameter (+5.1%–10.8%)”
t0“Rice”
t1“Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonin Improves Rice Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying increased stem wall thickness by 6.3%–21.4%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonint1
- Outcome
- stem wall thicknesse0
- Value
- +6.3%–21.4%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stem wall thickness (+6.3%–21.4%)”
e1“stem wall thickness (+6.3%–21.4%)”
t0“Rice”
t1“Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonin Improves Rice Lodging Resistance and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying increased breaking resistance by 8.7%–66.7%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonint1
- Outcome
- breaking resistancee0
- Value
- +8.7%–66.7%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“breaking resistance (+8.7%–66.7%)”
e1“breaking resistance (+8.7%–66.7%)”
t0“Rice”
t1“Foliar Application of Nano Carbon Dots and Melatonin Improves Rice Lodging Resistance and Yield”
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See all 21 papers →8 of 19 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.