Abstract
ABSTRACT Both hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) are known to regulate antioxidative metabolic pathways for developing stress resilience in plants. However, it is unknown whether they work together or exhibit independent signaling in maintaining ROS homeostasis during cadmium (Cd) stress. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the potential implications of GABA and H 2 S signaling in regulating Cd stress in rice seedlings. The results show that the exposure to Cd stress affects photosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation, increases ROS accumulation, weakens the antioxidant system, and disturbs thiol metabolism in rice seedlings. Cd stress also stimulated aerenchyma formation, which was further enhanced by GABA application, while H 2 S did not exhibit any significant effect. GABA treatment also decreased the Cd‐induced tannin deposition in roots. Moreover, exogenous GABA and H 2 S application also enhanced plant growth and chlorophyll content, and restored photosynthesis and nitrogen homeostasis by stabilizing NR, NiR, and GS/GOGAT activities under Cd stress. Further, thiol metabolism was also strengthened, aiding in redox balance restoration under Cd stress. GABA was more effective than H 2 S in mitigating Cd stress. Moreover, both GABA and H 2 S were capable of mitigating Cd stress, and our results revealed that GABA seems to be a downstream component of H 2 S signaling. The results of this study highlight a hopeful and sustainable approach for refining crop resilience to heavy metal stress and Cd stress in particular.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress impaired rice photosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation.
- Taxon
- rice seedlings
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis and nitrogen assimilatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the exposure to Cd stress affects photosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress increased ROS accumulation.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- ROS accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases ROS accumulation”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress weakened the antioxidant system.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- antioxidant systeme0
- Direction
- weakense0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“weakens the antioxidant system”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress disturbed thiol metabolism.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- thiol metabolisme0
- Direction
- disturbse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“disturbs thiol metabolism in rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress stimulated aerenchyma formation.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- aerenchyma formatione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd stress also stimulated aerenchyma formation”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA further enhanced aerenchyma formation under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABA applicatione0
- Outcome
- enhancede0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which was further enhanced by GABA application”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen sulfide had no significant effect on aerenchyma formation.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- H 2 Se0
- Outcome
- effecte0
- Direction
- did not exhibit any significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while H 2 S did not exhibit any significant effect”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA decreased cadmium-induced tannin deposition in roots.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABA treatmente0
- Outcome
- Cd‐induced tannin deposition in rootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA treatment also decreased the Cd‐induced tannin deposition in roots”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA increased plant growth and chlorophyll content under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABAe0
- Outcome
- plant growth and chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous GABA and H 2 S application also enhanced plant growth and chlorophyll content”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen sulfide increased plant growth and chlorophyll content under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- H 2 Se0
- Outcome
- plant growth and chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous GABA and H 2 S application also enhanced plant growth and chlorophyll content”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA restored photosynthesis and nitrogen homeostasis under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Gene
- NR, NiR, and GS/GOGATe0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis and nitrogen homeostasise0
- Direction
- restorede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“restored photosynthesis and nitrogen homeostasis by stabilizing NR, NiR, and GS/GOGAT activities under Cd stress”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen sulfide restored photosynthesis and nitrogen homeostasis under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Gene
- NR, NiR, and GS/GOGATe0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis and nitrogen homeostasise0
- Direction
- restorede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“restored photosynthesis and nitrogen homeostasis by stabilizing NR, NiR, and GS/GOGAT activities under Cd stress”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The applications strengthened thiol metabolism and aided redox balance restoration.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- thiol metabolisme0
- Direction
- strengthenede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thiol metabolism was also strengthened, aiding in redox balance restoration under Cd stress”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA was more effective than hydrogen sulfide at mitigating cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABAe0
- Outcome
- mitigating Cd stresse0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- H 2 Se0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA was more effective than H 2 S in mitigating Cd stress”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA appears to act downstream of hydrogen sulfide signaling.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Compound
- GABAe0
- Outcome
- downstream component of H 2 S signalinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA seems to be a downstream component of H 2 S signaling”
t0“rice seedlings”
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