Abstract
Lead (Pb) stress adversely affects plant growth, human health, and ecosystem sustainability. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and melatonin (MT) emerged as key players to protect plants from abiotic stresses. However, effects of co-applying GABA and MT on glyoxalase system, osmolytes synthesis, secondry metabolites production, crop yield and soil properties not understood yet. The study was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications having. The stud involved following treatments; control, Pb stress (600 mg kg -1 ), Pb stress + GABA (1 mM), Pb stress + MT (100 µM), and Pb stress + GABA + MT. Rice variety (Zhongjiazao 17) grown under Pb stress faced a serious reduction in growth and yield due to excessive Pb accumulation and reduced chlorophyll and anthocyanin synthesis, antioxidant activities, and osmolytes and phenolic production. The foliar spray of GABA and MT boosted rice growth and productivity. This was strongly linked with reduced electrolyte leakage (EL), and malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and enhanced chlorophyll synthesis, antioxidants activity (70.66-129.97%), and osmolytes (proline, soluble proteins) synthesis, alongside a marked increase in phenolic (40.49%) and flavonoid (41.08%) compounds. Co-applying GABA and MT also decreased soil Pb availability and Pb accumulation in plant tissues, and increased nutrient uptake which favored better growth. These findings demonstrates that co-application of GABA and MT effectively mitigates Pb toxicity in rice by reducing Pb uptake, alleviating oxidative damages and regulating physiological and biochemical processes. Therefore, GABA and MT could be an eco-friendly strategies to remediate Pb polluted soils.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Pb stress reduced rice growth and yield relative to control.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Material
- Zhongjiazao 17e1
- Treatment
- Pb stresse1
- Outcome
- growth and yielde1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lead stress in rice”
e1“Rice variety (Zhongjiazao 17) grown under Pb stress faced a serious reduction in growth and yield”
e3“control, Pb stress (600 mg kg -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb stress reduced chlorophyll and anthocyanin synthesis in rice relative to control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Zhongjiazao 17e1
- Treatment
- Pb stresse1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll and anthocyanin synthesise2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice variety (Zhongjiazao 17) grown under Pb stress faced a serious reduction in growth and yield”
e2“due to excessive Pb accumulation and reduced chlorophyll and anthocyanin synthesis, antioxidant activities, and osmolytes and phenolic production”
e3“control, Pb stress (600 mg kg -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb stress reduced antioxidant activities, osmolytes and phenolic production in rice relative to control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- Zhongjiazao 17e1
- Treatment
- Pb stresse1
- Outcome
- antioxidant activities, and osmolytes and phenolic productione2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice variety (Zhongjiazao 17) grown under Pb stress faced a serious reduction in growth and yield”
e2“due to excessive Pb accumulation and reduced chlorophyll and anthocyanin synthesis, antioxidant activities, and osmolytes and phenolic production”
e3“control, Pb stress (600 mg kg -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spray of GABA and MT boosted rice growth and productivity relative to Pb stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- foliar spray of GABA and MTe4
- Outcome
- growth and productivitye4
- Direction
- boostede4
- Comparator
- Pb stresse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“control, Pb stress (600 mg kg -1 )”
e4“The foliar spray of GABA and MT boosted rice growth and productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA and MT reduced electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in Pb-stressed rice relative to Pb stress alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- GABA and MTe4
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage (EL), and malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )e5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Comparator
- Pb stresse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“control, Pb stress (600 mg kg -1 )”
e4“The foliar spray of GABA and MT boosted rice growth and productivity”
e5“This was strongly linked with reduced electrolyte leakage (EL), and malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA and MT enhanced chlorophyll synthesis in rice relative to Pb stress alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- GABA and MTe4
- Outcome
- chlorophyll synthesise6
- Direction
- enhancede6
- Comparator
- Pb stresse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“control, Pb stress (600 mg kg -1 )”
e4“The foliar spray of GABA and MT boosted rice growth and productivity”
e6“enhanced chlorophyll synthesis, antioxidants activity (70.66-129.97%), and osmolytes (proline, soluble proteins) synthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA and MT enhanced antioxidant activity in rice by 70.66-129.97% relative to Pb stress alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- GABA and MTe4
- Outcome
- antioxidants activitye6
- Direction
- enhancede6
- Value
- 70.66-129.97%e6
- Comparator
- Pb stresse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“control, Pb stress (600 mg kg -1 )”
e4“The foliar spray of GABA and MT boosted rice growth and productivity”
e6“enhanced chlorophyll synthesis, antioxidants activity (70.66-129.97%), and osmolytes (proline, soluble proteins) synthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA and MT enhanced osmolyte synthesis in rice relative to Pb stress alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- GABA and MTe4
- Outcome
- osmolytes (proline, soluble proteins) synthesise6
- Direction
- enhancede6
- Comparator
- Pb stresse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“control, Pb stress (600 mg kg -1 )”
e4“The foliar spray of GABA and MT boosted rice growth and productivity”
e6“enhanced chlorophyll synthesis, antioxidants activity (70.66-129.97%), and osmolytes (proline, soluble proteins) synthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA and MT increased phenolic compounds in rice by 40.49% relative to Pb stress alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- GABA and MTe4
- Outcome
- phenolice7
- Direction
- increasee7
- Value
- 40.49%e7
- Comparator
- Pb stresse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“control, Pb stress (600 mg kg -1 )”
e4“The foliar spray of GABA and MT boosted rice growth and productivity”
e7“alongside a marked increase in phenolic (40.49%) and flavonoid (41.08%) compounds”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA and MT increased flavonoid compounds in rice by 41.08% relative to Pb stress alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- GABA and MTe4
- Outcome
- flavonoide7
- Direction
- increasee7
- Value
- 41.08%e7
- Comparator
- Pb stresse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“control, Pb stress (600 mg kg -1 )”
e4“The foliar spray of GABA and MT boosted rice growth and productivity”
e7“alongside a marked increase in phenolic (40.49%) and flavonoid (41.08%) compounds”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-applied GABA and MT decreased soil Pb availability relative to Pb stress alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Co-applying GABA and MTe4
- Outcome
- soil Pb availabilitye4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Comparator
- Pb stresse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lead stress in rice”
e3“control, Pb stress (600 mg kg -1 )”
e4“Co-applying GABA and MT also decreased soil Pb availability and Pb accumulation in plant tissues, and increased nutrient uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-applied GABA and MT decreased Pb accumulation in rice tissues relative to Pb stress alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Co-applying GABA and MTe4
- Outcome
- Pb accumulation in plant tissuese4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Comparator
- Pb stresse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lead stress in rice”
e3“control, Pb stress (600 mg kg -1 )”
e4“Co-applying GABA and MT also decreased soil Pb availability and Pb accumulation in plant tissues, and increased nutrient uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-applied GABA and MT increased nutrient uptake in rice relative to Pb stress alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Co-applying GABA and MTe4
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- Pb stresse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lead stress in rice”
e3“control, Pb stress (600 mg kg -1 )”
e4“Co-applying GABA and MT also decreased soil Pb availability and Pb accumulation in plant tissues, and increased nutrient uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA and MT could be an eco-friendly strategy to remediate Pb-polluted soils in rice systems.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- remediate Pb polluted soilse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lead stress in rice”
e4“GABA and MT could be an eco-friendly strategies to remediate Pb polluted soils”
The same questions in other papers
gamma-aminobutyric acid · physiology: pigments · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
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See all 5 papers →melatonin · molecular: metabolites · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
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See all 16 papers →gamma-aminobutyric acid · physiology: osmolytes · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
melatonin · quality: phytochemicals · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
gamma-aminobutyric acid · quality: phytochemicals · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
lead atom · physiology: pigments · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
cobalt atom · nutrient: content · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
gamma-aminobutyric acid · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →8 of 21 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.