Abstract
After legumes, cereals are the most important source of protein for humans and livestock worldwide. One way to meet growing nutritional demands is to increase the grain protein content (GPC) of cereals. Breeding advances in this regard should be supported by optimized agricultural practices. The GPCs of winter rye, winter triticale, spring barley, and spring oats grown in 2018–2022 in northeast Poland were evaluated to determine the influence of the crop sequence system (continuous monocropping, crop rotation), cultivar (two for each species), plant protection level (control treatment, herbicide, herbicide, and fungicide), and interactions among these factors. The cultivar selection was a significant GPC determinant in all cereals. Growing triticale in crop rotation after a legume increased its GPC compared to continuous monocropping, but decreased the GPC of rye and had no effect on the GPCs of spring cereal that followed non-legume crops. Using herbicides and herbicides combined with fungicides promoted the GPC of rye and oats, but not of triticale and barley. The heterogeneity of the interaction effects of the studied agricultural practices on the GPCs of the individual cereals prevents the identification of a universal combination that would ensure the highest GPC levels. The inter-annual weather variability played a significant role in shaping the GPCs of cereals and in modifying the influence of the controlled factors.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar selection significantly determined grain protein content in all cereals.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The cultivar selection was a significant GPC determinant in all cereals”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation after a legume increased triticale grain protein content against continuous monocropping.
- Taxon
- triticale
×Triticosecalee0 - Treatment
- crop rotation after a legumee0
- Outcome
- GPCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- continuous monocroppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growing triticale in crop rotation after a legume increased its GPC compared to continuous monocropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop rotation after a legume decreased rye grain protein content.
- Taxon
- rye
Secale cerealee0 - Treatment
- crop rotation after a legumee0
- Outcome
- GPC of ryee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- continuous monocroppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growing triticale in crop rotation after a legume increased its GPC compared to continuous monocropping, but decreased the GPC of rye”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop sequence had no effect on spring barley grain protein content after non-legume crops.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“had no effect on the GPCs of spring cereal that followed non-legume crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop sequence had no effect on spring oats grain protein content after non-legume crops.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“had no effect on the GPCs of spring cereal that followed non-legume crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide use promoted rye grain protein content.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealee0
- Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Outcome
- GPC of ryee0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using herbicides and herbicides combined with fungicides promoted the GPC of rye and oats”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide plus fungicide promoted rye grain protein content.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealee0
- Treatment
- herbicides combined with fungicidese0
- Outcome
- GPC of ryee0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using herbicides and herbicides combined with fungicides promoted the GPC of rye and oats”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide use promoted oat grain protein content.
- Taxon
- oats
Avena sativae0 - Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Outcome
- GPC of rye and oatse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using herbicides and herbicides combined with fungicides promoted the GPC of rye and oats”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide plus fungicide promoted oat grain protein content.
- Taxon
- oatsAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- herbicides combined with fungicidese0
- Outcome
- GPC of rye and oatse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using herbicides and herbicides combined with fungicides promoted the GPC of rye and oats”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant protection did not promote triticale grain protein content.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Outcome
- triticalee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but not of triticale and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant protection did not promote barley grain protein content.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Outcome
- barleye0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“but not of triticale and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Interaction effects varied among cereal species, preventing a universal highest-protein practice combination.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The heterogeneity of the interaction effects of the studied agricultural practices on the GPCs of the individual cereals prevents the identification of a universal combination that would ensure the highest GPC levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Year-to-year weather variability significantly shaped cereal grain protein content.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The inter-annual weather variability played a significant role in shaping the GPCs of cereals”
Claim · model-written summary
Year-to-year weather variability modified the effects of controlled factors on cereal grain protein content.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The inter-annual weather variability played a significant role in shaping the GPCs of cereals and in modifying the influence of the controlled factors”
The same questions in other papers
herbicide · quality: protein · Secale cereale (rye)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
herbicide · quality: protein · Avena sativa (oats)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
rotation · quality: protein · Secale cereale (rye)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.