Abstract
With lettuce being one of the most important green crops in the world, it is important to improve its growth and nutritive value. To this end, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) application to improve nutrient-dense foods and the production of bioactive compounds in plants is a promising approach. AMF is applied to increase plant growth, primary metabolism, mineral profile and accumulation of secondary (phenols, flavonoids) metabolites. AMF treated plants showed increased biomass accumulation by 38.8%. This increase was in line with increased levels of photosynthesis rate and the total chlorophyll content by approximately 28.8%, respectively. In nutritive value, AMF increased mineral profile, vitamin contents and carbohydrate as indicated by D-mannose, L-galactose, and vitamin E (p < 0.05) by approximately 32.7%, 25%, and 46.6%, respectively. The AMF-treated lettuce's proximate composition revealed considerably greater levels of total protein (7.8%), as well as crude fiber, ash, and carbohydrates (about 7%) compared to control samples (p < 0.05). Furthermore, AMF inoculation increased levels of antioxidants, essential amino acids, and unsaturated fatty acids. It increased the levels of antioxidants such as alpha and beta carotene, polyphenols, which was correlated with increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme activity. Treatment with AMF resulted in an increase of more than 76% of the detected amino acids, with the highest increment observed for isoleucine, methionine and biosynthetic enzyme (cystathionine γ-synthase (CGS)), and which were 200%, 270.2%, and 153.5%, respectively. Increased bioactive accumulation also resulted in improved antioxidant and antidiabetic and antibacterial activities against a variety of pathogenic microorganisms. The findings indicate that the AMF treatment is a feasible method for enhancing lettuce's biological characteristics and health-promoting attributes.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
AMF treated lettuce accumulated 38.8% more biomass.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 38.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF treated plants showed increased biomass accumulation by 38.8%.”
t0“lettuce”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) application”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF treatment increased lettuce photosynthesis rate and total chlorophyll content by approximately 28.8%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- AMFe1
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal funguse1symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthesis rate and the total chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This increase was in line with increased levels of photosynthesis rate and the total chlorophyll content by approximately 28.8%, respectively.”
t0“lettuce”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) application”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF raised the lettuce mineral profile by about 32.7%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- mineral profilee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 32.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF increased mineral profile, vitamin contents and carbohydrate as indicated by D-mannose, L-galactose, and vitamin E (p < 0.05) by approximately 32.7%, 25%, and 46.6%, respectively.”
t0“lettuce”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) application”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF raised lettuce vitamin contents by about 25%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- vitamin contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 25%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF increased mineral profile, vitamin contents and carbohydrate as indicated by D-mannose, L-galactose, and vitamin E (p < 0.05) by approximately 32.7%, 25%, and 46.6%, respectively.”
t0“lettuce”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) application”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF raised lettuce carbohydrate content by about 46.6%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- carbohydratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 46.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF increased mineral profile, vitamin contents and carbohydrate as indicated by D-mannose, L-galactose, and vitamin E (p < 0.05) by approximately 32.7%, 25%, and 46.6%, respectively.”
t0“lettuce”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) application”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF treated lettuce had greater total protein than control samples.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- total proteine0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 7.8%e0
- Comparator
- control samplese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AMF-treated lettuce's proximate composition revealed considerably greater levels of total protein (7.8%), as well as crude fiber, ash, and carbohydrates (about 7%) compared to control samples (p < 0.05).”
t0“lettuce”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) application”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF treated lettuce had greater crude fiber, ash and carbohydrate content than controls.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- crude fiber, ash, and carbohydratese0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- about 7%e0
- Comparator
- control samplese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AMF-treated lettuce's proximate composition revealed considerably greater levels of total protein (7.8%), as well as crude fiber, ash, and carbohydrates (about 7%) compared to control samples (p < 0.05).”
t0“lettuce”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) application”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased lettuce antioxidants, essential amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidants, essential amino acids, and unsaturated fatty acidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, AMF inoculation increased levels of antioxidants, essential amino acids, and unsaturated fatty acids.”
t0“lettuce”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) application”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher carotene and polyphenol levels under AMF were correlated with higher PAL enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- AMFe1
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal funguse1symbiont
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)e0
- Outcome
- alpha and beta carotene, polyphenolse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It increased the levels of antioxidants such as alpha and beta carotene, polyphenols, which was correlated with increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme activity.”
t0“lettuce”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) application”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF treatment increased more than 76% of the detected lettuce amino acids.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- detected amino acidse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- more than 76%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with AMF resulted in an increase of more than 76% of the detected amino acids, with the highest increment observed for isoleucine, methionine and biosynthetic enzyme (cystathionine γ-synthase (CGS)), and which were 200%, 270.2%, and 153.5%, respectively.”
t0“lettuce”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) application”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF treatment increased lettuce isoleucine by 200%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- AMFe1
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal funguse1symbiont
- Outcome
- isoleucinee0
- Direction
- incremente0
- Value
- 200%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with the highest increment observed for isoleucine, methionine and biosynthetic enzyme (cystathionine γ-synthase (CGS)), and which were 200%, 270.2%, and 153.5%, respectively.”
t0“lettuce”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) application”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF treatment increased lettuce methionine by 270.2%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- AMFe1
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal funguse1symbiont
- Outcome
- methioninee0
- Direction
- incremente0
- Value
- 270.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with the highest increment observed for isoleucine, methionine and biosynthetic enzyme (cystathionine γ-synthase (CGS)), and which were 200%, 270.2%, and 153.5%, respectively.”
t0“lettuce”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) application”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF treatment increased lettuce cystathionine γ-synthase by 153.5%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- AMFe1
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal funguse1symbiont
- Gene
- cystathionine γ-synthase (CGS)e0
- Outcome
- biosynthetic enzymee0
- Direction
- incremente0
- Value
- 153.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with the highest increment observed for isoleucine, methionine and biosynthetic enzyme (cystathionine γ-synthase (CGS)), and which were 200%, 270.2%, and 153.5%, respectively.”
t0“lettuce”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) application”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF associated bioactive accumulation improved antioxidant, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- AMFe1
- Interactor
- pathogenic microorganismse0pathogen
- Outcome
- antioxidant and antidiabetic and antibacterial activitiese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- Increased bioactive accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased bioactive accumulation also resulted in improved antioxidant and antidiabetic and antibacterial activities against a variety of pathogenic microorganisms.”
t0“lettuce”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) application”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors regard AMF treatment as feasible for improving lettuce biological and health promoting properties.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- AMF treatmente0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- enhancing lettuce's biological characteristics and health-promoting attributese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The findings indicate that the AMF treatment is a feasible method for enhancing lettuce's biological characteristics and health-promoting attributes.”
t0“lettuce”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) application”
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