Abstract
summary Total superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) activity, SOD specific activity and changes in the SOD isoenzymatic pattern were determined in roots and shoots of plants of Lactuca sativa L. cv. Romana colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe or Glomus deserticola (Trappe, Bloss & Menge), and in non‐mycorrhizal phosphorus‐fertilized controls. Lettuce plants were grown under well watered or drought conditions and were harvested 5 wk or 8 wk after planting. Previous studies have reported that mechanisms that decrease oxidative stress can play an important role in drought tolerance of plants. However, there is little information on either the role of superoxide dismutase in the symbiosis between AM fungi and plants, or about the response at biochemical level of the mycorrhizal symbiosis to drought stress. In our experimental conditions the protein concentration in shoots decreased in all plants as a result of drought stress (except in plants colonized by Glomus mosseae after 8 wk of growth). In general, shoots of mycorrhizal plants had more protein than did shoots of P‐fertilized plants, G. deserticola being the treatment with the highest protein concentration. However, in roots the protein concentrations did not vary as clearly as in shoots. The SOD specific activity of 5‐wk‐old plants under stress conditions was considerably higher in shoots and roots of mycorrhizal than in those of P‐fertilized plants, showing increases which ranged from 99% in G. mosseae‐mycorrhizas to 150% in G. deserticola ‐mycorrhizas. Under well watered conditions shoots showed no significant differences in SOD specific activity between treatments, whereas in roots mycorrhizal colonization increased it by 16–18 %. Drought stress increased SOD activity of shoots of control plants by 17%, and that of shoots of plants colonized by G. mosseae and G. deserticola by 93 % and 128 %, respectively. Similar results were also found for roots, regardless of the plant age. The increased SOD activity in mycorrhizal plants was not related to the nutritional status of the plants. Instead, it could be ascribed to a direct mechanism of AM association in response to drought exposure. However, no changes in the SOD isozyme pattern as a consequence of mycorrhizal association or water treatment were observed.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced shoot protein concentration except in eight-week G. mosseae plants.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- protein concentration in shootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- except in plants colonized by Glomus mosseae after 8 wk of growthe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the protein concentration in shoots decreased in all plants as a result of drought stress (except in plants colonized by Glomus mosseae after 8 wk of growth)”
t0“Lactuca sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal shoots generally had more protein than phosphorus-fertilized controls.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal plantse0
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- P‐fertilized plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoots of mycorrhizal plants had more protein than did shoots of P‐fertilized plants”
t0“Lactuca sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
G. deserticola gave the highest shoot protein concentration.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- G. deserticolae0
- Interactor
- G. deserticolaSeptoglomus deserticolae0symbiont
- Outcome
- protein concentratione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“G. deserticola being the treatment with the highest protein concentration”
t0“Lactuca sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Root protein concentrations varied less clearly than shoot concentrations.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- protein concentrationse0
- Direction
- did not vary as clearlye0
- Comparator
- shootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in roots the protein concentrations did not vary as clearly as in shoots”
t0“Lactuca sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-stressed five-week G. mosseae plants had 99% higher SOD specific activity than fertilized controls.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Organ / stage
- shoots and rootse0
- Treatment
- G. mosseae‐mycorrhizase0
- Interactor
- G. mosseae
Funneliformis mosseaee0symbiont - Outcome
- SOD specific activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 99%e0
- Comparator
- P‐fertilized plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SOD specific activity of 5‐wk‐old plants under stress conditions was considerably higher in shoots and roots of mycorrhizal than in those of P‐fertilized plants, showing increases which ranged from 99% in G. mosseae‐mycorrhizas to 150% in G. deserticola ‐mycorrhizas.”
t0“Lactuca sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-stressed five-week G. deserticola plants had 150% higher SOD specific activity than fertilized controls.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Organ / stage
- shoots and rootse0
- Treatment
- G. deserticola ‐mycorrhizase0
- Interactor
- G. deserticolaSeptoglomus deserticolae0symbiont
- Outcome
- SOD specific activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 150%e0
- Comparator
- P‐fertilized plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SOD specific activity of 5‐wk‐old plants under stress conditions was considerably higher in shoots and roots of mycorrhizal than in those of P‐fertilized plants, showing increases which ranged from 99% in G. mosseae‐mycorrhizas to 150% in G. deserticola ‐mycorrhizas.”
t0“Lactuca sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Well-watered shoots had no significant SOD specific activity difference among treatments.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- SOD specific activitye0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under well watered conditions shoots showed no significant differences in SOD specific activity between treatments”
t0“Lactuca sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal colonization raised well-watered root SOD specific activity by 16–18 %.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Outcome
- SOD specific activitye1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16–18 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in roots mycorrhizal colonization increased it by 16–18 %”
t0“Lactuca sativa”
e1“The SOD specific activity of 5‐wk‐old plants under stress conditions was considerably higher in shoots and roots of mycorrhizal than in those of P‐fertilized plants, showing increases which ranged from 99% in G. mosseae‐mycorrhizas to 150% in G. deserticola ‐mycorrhizas.”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought raised shoot SOD activity in controls by 17%.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- SOD activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress increased SOD activity of shoots of control plants by 17%”
t0“Lactuca sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought raised shoot SOD activity in G. mosseae plants by 93 %.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Interactor
- G. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- SOD activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 93 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress increased SOD activity of shoots of control plants by 17%, and that of shoots of plants colonized by G. mosseae and G. deserticola by 93 % and 128 %, respectively.”
t0“Lactuca sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought raised shoot SOD activity in G. deserticola plants by 128 %.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Interactor
- G. deserticolaSeptoglomus deserticolae0symbiont
- Outcome
- SOD activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 128 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress increased SOD activity of shoots of control plants by 17%, and that of shoots of plants colonized by G. mosseae and G. deserticola by 93 % and 128 %, respectively.”
t0“Lactuca sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots showed similar drought responses regardless of plant age.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- Similar resultse0
- Qualifier
- regardless of the plant agee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar results were also found for roots, regardless of the plant age.”
t0“Lactuca sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased SOD activity was not related to nutritional status.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Organ / stage
- plantse0
- Outcome
- SOD activitye0
- Qualifier
- not related to the nutritional status of the plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increased SOD activity in mycorrhizal plants was not related to the nutritional status of the plants.”
t0“Lactuca sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute higher SOD activity to a direct mycorrhizal response to drought.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- increased SOD activitye1
- Qualifier
- direct mechanism of AM association in response to drought exposuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it could be ascribed to a direct mechanism of AM association in response to drought exposure”
t0“Lactuca sativa”
e1“The increased SOD activity in mycorrhizal plants was not related to the nutritional status of the plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
SOD isozyme pattern did not change with mycorrhizal association.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal associatione0
- Outcome
- SOD isozyme patterne0
- Direction
- no changese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no changes in the SOD isozyme pattern as a consequence of mycorrhizal association or water treatment were observed.”
t0“Lactuca sativa”
Claim · model-written summary
SOD isozyme pattern did not change with water treatment.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- water treatmente0
- Outcome
- SOD isozyme patterne0
- Direction
- no changese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no changes in the SOD isozyme pattern as a consequence of mycorrhizal association or water treatment were observed.”
t0“Lactuca sativa”
The same questions in other papers
drought · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
mycorrhiza · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
mycorrhiza · quality: protein · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.