Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND Ozone (O 3 ), a widespread air pollutant, significantly impairs crop growth and development, with wheat, the second largest crop by planting area of the world, being especially vulnerable. This study, conducted under Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditions, focused on four wheat cultivars from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, investigating the effects of elevated O 3 on wheat growth, physiology and quality. RESULTS Elevated O 3 levels impaired assimilate accumulation and mobilization in wheat grains, reducing pre‐anthesis nitrogen accumulation and causing an 8.21% decline in post‐anthesis nitrogen translocation amount (NT), while increasing post‐anthesis nitrogen translocation efficiency (NTE) by 3.83% and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) by 3.43%. Over 2 years, elevated O 3 raised grain protein content by 6.6–6.7% but significantly reduced protein accumulation by 10.4–10.7%, driven by declines in gliadin and glutenin. Total free amino acids and key nitrogen metabolizing enzymes also decreased. Among the four cultivars, YN19 was the most sensitive, showing the largest protein accumulation reductions. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that elevated O 3 disrupts wheat nitrogen accumulation and protein synthesis by reducing pre‐anthesis nitrogen accumulation, accelerating post‐anthesis senescence, and suppressing nitrogen translocation due to rapid leaf area index (LAI) decline. The decline in nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen metabolizing enzyme activity is a critical factor contributing to reduced grain protein accumulation. Notably, YN19 exhibited the highest O 3 sensitivity, underscoring the need to develop O 3 ‐resilient wheat cultivars to sustain grain quality under rising O 3 levels. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated O3 reduced pre-anthesis nitrogen accumulation in wheat grains.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Elevated O 3 levelse1
- Outcome
- nitrogen accumulatione1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Setting
- Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted under Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditions, focused on four wheat cultivars from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River”
e1“Elevated O 3 levels impaired assimilate accumulation and mobilization in wheat grains, reducing pre‐anthesis nitrogen accumulation and causing an 8.21% decline in post‐anthesis nitrogen translocation amount (NT), while increasing post‐anthesis nitrogen translocation efficiency (NTE) by 3.83% and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) by 3.43%”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated O3 caused an 8.21% decline in post-anthesis nitrogen translocation amount in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Elevated O 3 levelse1
- Outcome
- nitrogen translocation amounte1
- Direction
- declinee1
- Value
- 8.21%e1
- Setting
- Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted under Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditions, focused on four wheat cultivars from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River”
e1“Elevated O 3 levels impaired assimilate accumulation and mobilization in wheat grains, reducing pre‐anthesis nitrogen accumulation and causing an 8.21% decline in post‐anthesis nitrogen translocation amount (NT), while increasing post‐anthesis nitrogen translocation efficiency (NTE) by 3.83% and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) by 3.43%”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated O3 increased post-anthesis nitrogen translocation efficiency by 3.83% in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Elevated O 3 levelse1
- Outcome
- nitrogen translocation efficiencye1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 3.83%e1
- Setting
- Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted under Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditions, focused on four wheat cultivars from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River”
e1“Elevated O 3 levels impaired assimilate accumulation and mobilization in wheat grains, reducing pre‐anthesis nitrogen accumulation and causing an 8.21% decline in post‐anthesis nitrogen translocation amount (NT), while increasing post‐anthesis nitrogen translocation efficiency (NTE) by 3.83% and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) by 3.43%”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated O3 increased the nitrogen harvest index by 3.43% in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Elevated O 3 levelse1
- Outcome
- nitrogen harvest indexe1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 3.43%e1
- Setting
- Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted under Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditions, focused on four wheat cultivars from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River”
e1“Elevated O 3 levels impaired assimilate accumulation and mobilization in wheat grains, reducing pre‐anthesis nitrogen accumulation and causing an 8.21% decline in post‐anthesis nitrogen translocation amount (NT), while increasing post‐anthesis nitrogen translocation efficiency (NTE) by 3.83% and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) by 3.43%”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated O3 raised grain protein content by 6.6–6.7% in wheat over 2 years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- elevated O 3e5
- Outcome
- grain protein contente5
- Direction
- raisede5
- Value
- 6.6–6.7%e5
- Setting
- Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted under Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditions, focused on four wheat cultivars from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River”
e5“Over 2 years, elevated O 3 raised grain protein content by 6.6–6.7% but significantly reduced protein accumulation by 10.4–10.7%, driven by declines in gliadin and glutenin”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated O3 significantly reduced grain protein accumulation by 10.4–10.7% in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- elevated O 3e5
- Outcome
- protein accumulatione5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 10.4–10.7%e5
- Setting
- Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted under Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditions, focused on four wheat cultivars from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River”
e5“Over 2 years, elevated O 3 raised grain protein content by 6.6–6.7% but significantly reduced protein accumulation by 10.4–10.7%, driven by declines in gliadin and glutenin”
Claim · model-written summary
The reduction in wheat protein accumulation is associated with declines in gliadin and glutenin.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Gene
- gliadin and glutenine5
- Outcome
- protein accumulatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted under Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditions, focused on four wheat cultivars from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River”
e5“Over 2 years, elevated O 3 raised grain protein content by 6.6–6.7% but significantly reduced protein accumulation by 10.4–10.7%, driven by declines in gliadin and glutenin”
Claim · model-written summary
Total free amino acids and key nitrogen metabolizing enzymes decreased under elevated O3 in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- elevated O 3e5
- Outcome
- Total free amino acids and key nitrogen metabolizing enzymese6
- Direction
- decreasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted under Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditions, focused on four wheat cultivars from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River”
e5“Over 2 years, elevated O 3 raised grain protein content by 6.6–6.7% but significantly reduced protein accumulation by 10.4–10.7%, driven by declines in gliadin and glutenin”
e6“Total free amino acids and key nitrogen metabolizing enzymes also decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
YN19 was the most O3-sensitive of the four wheat cultivars, with the largest protein accumulation reductions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- YN19e7
- Treatment
- elevated O 3e5
- Outcome
- protein accumulation reductionse7
- Direction
- largeste7
- Qualifier
- the most sensitivee7
- Comparator
- Among the four cultivarse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted under Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditions, focused on four wheat cultivars from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River”
e5“Over 2 years, elevated O 3 raised grain protein content by 6.6–6.7% but significantly reduced protein accumulation by 10.4–10.7%, driven by declines in gliadin and glutenin”
e7“Among the four cultivars, YN19 was the most sensitive, showing the largest protein accumulation reductions”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated O3 suppressed nitrogen translocation in wheat due to rapid leaf area index decline.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- elevated O 3e2
- Outcome
- nitrogen translocatione2
- Qualifier
- rapid leaf area index (LAI) declinee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted under Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditions, focused on four wheat cultivars from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River”
e2“This study demonstrates that elevated O 3 disrupts wheat nitrogen accumulation and protein synthesis by reducing pre‐anthesis nitrogen accumulation, accelerating post‐anthesis senescence, and suppressing nitrogen translocation due to rapid leaf area index (LAI) decline”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated O3 accelerated post-anthesis senescence in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- elevated O 3e2
- Outcome
- senescencee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted under Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditions, focused on four wheat cultivars from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River”
e2“This study demonstrates that elevated O 3 disrupts wheat nitrogen accumulation and protein synthesis by reducing pre‐anthesis nitrogen accumulation, accelerating post‐anthesis senescence, and suppressing nitrogen translocation due to rapid leaf area index (LAI) decline”
Claim · model-written summary
The decline in nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen-metabolizing enzyme activity is a critical factor for reduced wheat grain protein accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- grain protein accumulatione3
- Qualifier
- decline in nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen metabolizing enzyme activitye3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted under Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditions, focused on four wheat cultivars from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River”
e3“The decline in nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen metabolizing enzyme activity is a critical factor contributing to reduced grain protein accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone-resilient wheat cultivars should be developed to sustain grain quality under rising O3 levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- grain qualitye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted under Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) conditions, focused on four wheat cultivars from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River”
e4“to sustain grain quality under rising O 3 levels”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.