Abstract
Abstract We quantitatively evaluated the effects of elevated concentration of ozone (O 3 ) on growth, leaf chemistry, gas exchange, grain yield, and grain quality relative to carbon‐filtered air (CF) by means of meta‐analysis of published data. Our database consisted of 53 peer‐reviewed studies published between 1980 and 2007, taking into account wheat type, O 3 fumigation method, rooting environment, O 3 concentration ([O 3 ]), developmental stage, and additional treatments such as drought and elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO 2 ]). The results suggested that elevated [O 3 ] decreased wheat grain yield by 29% (CI: 24–34%) and aboveground biomass by 18% (CI: 13–24%), where CI is the 95% confidence interval. Even in studies where the [O 3 ] range was between 31 and 59 ppb (average 43 ppb), there was a significant decrease in the grain yield (18%) and biomass (16%) relative to CF. Despite the increase in the grain protein content (6.8%), elevated [O 3 ] significantly decreased the grain protein yield (−18%). Relative to CF, elevated [O 3 ] significantly decreased photosynthetic rates (−20%), Rubisco activity (−19%), stomatal conductance (−22%), and chlorophyll content (−40%). For the whole plant, rising [O 3 ] induced a larger decrease in belowground (−27%) biomass than in aboveground (−18%) biomass. There was no significant response difference between spring wheat and winter wheat. Wheat grown in the field showed larger decreases in leaf photosynthesis parameters than wheat grown in < 5 L pots. Open‐top chamber fumigation induced a larger reduction than indoor growth chambers, when plants were exposed to elevated [O 3 ]. The detrimental effect was progressively greater as the average daily [O 3 ] increased, with very few exceptions. The impact of O 3 increased with developmental stages, with the largest detrimental impact during grain filling. Both drought and elevated [CO 2 ] significantly ameliorated the detrimental effects of elevated [O 3 ], which could be explained by a significant decrease in O 3 uptake resulting from decreased stomatal conductance.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated ozone decreased grain yield by 29%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- elevated [O 3 ]e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 29%e0
- Qualifier
- CI: 24–34%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated [O 3 ] decreased wheat grain yield by 29% (CI: 24–34%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated ozone decreased aboveground biomass by 18%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- elevated [O 3 ]e0
- Outcome
- aboveground biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 18%e0
- Qualifier
- CI: 13–24%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated [O 3 ] decreased wheat grain yield by 29% (CI: 24–34%) and aboveground biomass by 18% (CI: 13–24%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone at 31–59 ppb significantly reduced grain yield by 18%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- [O 3 ] range was between 31 and 59 ppbe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 18%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“[O 3 ] range was between 31 and 59 ppb (average 43 ppb), there was a significant decrease in the grain yield (18%) and biomass (16%) relative to CF.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone at 31–59 ppb significantly reduced biomass by 16%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- [O 3 ] range was between 31 and 59 ppbe0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“[O 3 ] range was between 31 and 59 ppb (average 43 ppb), there was a significant decrease in the grain yield (18%) and biomass (16%) relative to CF.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated ozone increased grain protein content by 6.8%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated [O 3 ]e0
- Outcome
- grain protein contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 6.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Despite the increase in the grain protein content (6.8%), elevated [O 3 ] significantly decreased the grain protein yield (−18%).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated ozone significantly decreased grain protein yield by 18%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated [O 3 ]e0
- Outcome
- grain protein yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- −18%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Despite the increase in the grain protein content (6.8%), elevated [O 3 ] significantly decreased the grain protein yield (−18%).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone reduced photosynthetic rates by 20%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated [O 3 ]e0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- −20%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative to CF, elevated [O 3 ] significantly decreased photosynthetic rates (−20%), Rubisco activity (−19%), stomatal conductance (−22%), and chlorophyll content (−40%).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone reduced Rubisco activity by 19%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated [O 3 ]e0
- Outcome
- Rubisco activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- −19%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative to CF, elevated [O 3 ] significantly decreased photosynthetic rates (−20%), Rubisco activity (−19%), stomatal conductance (−22%), and chlorophyll content (−40%).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone reduced stomatal conductance by 22%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated [O 3 ]e0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- −22%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative to CF, elevated [O 3 ] significantly decreased photosynthetic rates (−20%), Rubisco activity (−19%), stomatal conductance (−22%), and chlorophyll content (−40%).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone reduced chlorophyll content by 40%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated [O 3 ]e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- −40%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative to CF, elevated [O 3 ] significantly decreased photosynthetic rates (−20%), Rubisco activity (−19%), stomatal conductance (−22%), and chlorophyll content (−40%).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Belowground biomass fell by 27% under rising ozone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rising [O 3 ]e0
- Outcome
- belowground (−27%) biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- −27%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rising [O 3 ] induced a larger decrease in belowground (−27%) biomass than in aboveground (−18%) biomass.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring and winter wheat did not differ significantly in ozone response.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- response differencee0
- Direction
- no significante0
- Comparator
- winter wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no significant response difference between spring wheat and winter wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Field-grown wheat had larger photosynthetic declines than wheat in small pots.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- leaf photosynthesis parameterse0
- Direction
- larger decreasese0
- Comparator
- wheat grown in < 5 L potse0
- Setting
- fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat grown in the field showed larger decreases in leaf photosynthesis parameters than wheat grown in < 5 L pots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Open-top chamber ozone exposure caused larger reductions than indoor chamber exposure.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Open‐top chamber fumigatione0
- Outcome
- larger reductione0
- Direction
- larger reductione0
- Comparator
- indoor growth chamberse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Open‐top chamber fumigation induced a larger reduction than indoor growth chambers, when plants were exposed to elevated [O 3 ].”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Detrimental ozone effects grew with daily ozone concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- average daily [O 3 ]e0
- Outcome
- detrimental effecte0
- Direction
- progressively greatere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The detrimental effect was progressively greater as the average daily [O 3 ] increased, with very few exceptions.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone impact increased with development and was greatest at grain filling.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- grain fillinge0
- Outcome
- impact of O 3e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The impact of O 3 increased with developmental stages, with the largest detrimental impact during grain filling.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought ameliorated elevated ozone damage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- detrimental effects of elevated [O 3 ]e0
- Direction
- amelioratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both drought and elevated [CO 2 ] significantly ameliorated the detrimental effects of elevated [O 3 ]”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 ameliorated elevated ozone damage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO 2 ]e0
- Outcome
- detrimental effects of elevated [O 3 ]e0
- Direction
- amelioratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both drought and elevated [CO 2 ] significantly ameliorated the detrimental effects of elevated [O 3 ]”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced stomatal conductance may explain lower ozone uptake and damage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- O 3 uptakee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- decreased stomatal conductancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which could be explained by a significant decrease in O 3 uptake resulting from decreased stomatal conductance.”
t0“wheat”
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