Abstract
Environmental quality and food safety is threatened by contamination of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) heavy metals in agricultural soils. Therefore, it is necessary to develop effective techniques for remediation of such soils. In this study, we prepared iron-modified biochar (Fe-BC) which combines the unique characteristics of pristine biochar (BC) and iron. The current study investigated the effect of pristine and iron modified biochar (Fe-BC) on the nutritional values of soil and on the reduction of Pb and Cd toxicity in wheat plants ( Triticum aestivum L.). The findings of present study exhibited that 2% Fe-BC treatments significantly increased the dry weights of roots, shoots, husk and grains by 148.2, 53.2, 64.2 and 148%, respectively compared to control plants. The 2% Fe-BC treatment also enhanced photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO 2 , chlorophyll a and b contents, by 43.2, 88.4, 24.9, 32.5, 21.4, and 26.7%, respectively. Moreover, 2% Fe-BC treatment suppressed the oxidative stress in wheat plants by increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) by 62.4 and 69.2%, respectively. The results showed that 2% Fe-BC treatment significantly lowered Cd levels in wheat roots, shoots, husk, and grains by 23.7, 44.5, 33.2, and 76.3%. Whereas, Pb concentrations in wheat roots, shoots, husk, and grains decreased by 46.4, 49.4, 53.6, and 68.3%, respectively. Post-harvest soil analysis showed that soil treatment with 2% Fe-BC increased soil urease, CAT and acid phosphatase enzyme activities by 48.4, 74.4 and 117.3%, respectively. Similarly, 2% Fe-BC treatment significantly improved nutrients availability in the soil as the available N, P, K, and Fe contents increased by 22, 25, 7.3, and 13.3%, respectively. Fe-BC is a viable solution for the remediation of hazardous Cd and Pb contaminated soils, and improvement of soil fertility status.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC increased dry weights of roots by 148.2.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- 2% Fe-BC treatmentse0
- Outcome
- dry weights of rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 148.2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“2% Fe-BC treatments significantly increased the dry weights of roots, shoots, husk and grains by 148.2, 53.2, 64.2 and 148%, respectively compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC increased shoots by 53.2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2% Fe-BC treatmentse0
- Outcome
- shootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 53.2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“2% Fe-BC treatments significantly increased the dry weights of roots, shoots, husk and grains by 148.2, 53.2, 64.2 and 148%, respectively compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC increased husk by 64.2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2% Fe-BC treatmentse0
- Outcome
- huske0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 64.2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“2% Fe-BC treatments significantly increased the dry weights of roots, shoots, husk and grains by 148.2, 53.2, 64.2 and 148%, respectively compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC increased grains by 148%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2% Fe-BC treatmentse0
- Outcome
- grainse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 148%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“2% Fe-BC treatments significantly increased the dry weights of roots, shoots, husk and grains by 148.2, 53.2, 64.2 and 148%, respectively compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC enhanced photosynthesis rate by 43.2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2% Fe-BC treatmente0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis ratee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 43.2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“2% Fe-BC treatment also enhanced photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO 2 , chlorophyll a and b contents, by 43.2, 88.4, 24.9, 32.5, 21.4, and 26.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC enhanced transpiration rate by 88.4.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2% Fe-BC treatmente0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 88.4e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“2% Fe-BC treatment also enhanced photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO 2 , chlorophyll a and b contents, by 43.2, 88.4, 24.9, 32.5, 21.4, and 26.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC enhanced stomatal conductance by 24.9.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2% Fe-BC treatmente0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 24.9e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“2% Fe-BC treatment also enhanced photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO 2 , chlorophyll a and b contents, by 43.2, 88.4, 24.9, 32.5, 21.4, and 26.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC enhanced intercellular CO 2 by 32.5.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2% Fe-BC treatmente0
- Outcome
- intercellular CO 2e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 32.5e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“2% Fe-BC treatment also enhanced photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO 2 , chlorophyll a and b contents, by 43.2, 88.4, 24.9, 32.5, 21.4, and 26.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC enhanced chlorophyll a by 21.4.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2% Fe-BC treatmente0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 21.4e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“2% Fe-BC treatment also enhanced photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO 2 , chlorophyll a and b contents, by 43.2, 88.4, 24.9, 32.5, 21.4, and 26.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC enhanced b contents by 26.7%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2% Fe-BC treatmente0
- Outcome
- b contentse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 26.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“2% Fe-BC treatment also enhanced photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO 2 , chlorophyll a and b contents, by 43.2, 88.4, 24.9, 32.5, 21.4, and 26.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 62.4.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2% Fe-BC treatmente0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 62.4e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“2% Fe-BC treatment suppressed the oxidative stress in wheat plants by increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) by 62.4 and 69.2%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC increasing catalase (CAT) by 69.2%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2% Fe-BC treatmente0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 69.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“2% Fe-BC treatment suppressed the oxidative stress in wheat plants by increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) by 62.4 and 69.2%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC lowered Cd levels in wheat roots by 23.7.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2% Fe-BC treatmente0
- Outcome
- Cd levels in wheat rootse0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 23.7e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“2% Fe-BC treatment significantly lowered Cd levels in wheat roots, shoots, husk, and grains by 23.7, 44.5, 33.2, and 76.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC lowered shoots by 44.5.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2% Fe-BC treatmente0
- Outcome
- shootse0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 44.5e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“2% Fe-BC treatment significantly lowered Cd levels in wheat roots, shoots, husk, and grains by 23.7, 44.5, 33.2, and 76.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC lowered husk by 33.2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2% Fe-BC treatmente0
- Outcome
- huske0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 33.2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“2% Fe-BC treatment significantly lowered Cd levels in wheat roots, shoots, husk, and grains by 23.7, 44.5, 33.2, and 76.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC lowered grains by 76.3%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2% Fe-BC treatmente0
- Outcome
- grainse0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 76.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“2% Fe-BC treatment significantly lowered Cd levels in wheat roots, shoots, husk, and grains by 23.7, 44.5, 33.2, and 76.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC decreased Pb concentrations in wheat roots by 46.4.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Pb concentrations in wheat rootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 46.4e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“Pb concentrations in wheat roots, shoots, husk, and grains decreased by 46.4, 49.4, 53.6, and 68.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC decreased shoots by 49.4.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- shootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 49.4e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“Pb concentrations in wheat roots, shoots, husk, and grains decreased by 46.4, 49.4, 53.6, and 68.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC decreased husk by 53.6.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- huske0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 53.6e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“Pb concentrations in wheat roots, shoots, husk, and grains decreased by 46.4, 49.4, 53.6, and 68.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
2% Fe-BC decreased grains by 68.3%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grainse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 68.3%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“Pb concentrations in wheat roots, shoots, husk, and grains decreased by 46.4, 49.4, 53.6, and 68.3%, respectively”
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