Abstract
Optimizing water and nitrogen management is an effective measure to reduce nitrogen fertilizer losses and environmental pollution risks. To quantify the effects of different water and nitrogen management practices on the microenvironment of drip-irrigated cotton fields without film in southern Xinjiang and partial factor productivity of N (PFP N ), this study aims to clarify the relationship between the soil microenvironment and PFP N in cotton. This study established two irrigation levels of 45 mm (W1) and 54 mm (W2), and three nitrogen application rates of 150 kg·hm −2 (F1), 225 kg·hm −2 (F2), and 300 kg·hm −2 (F3), to analyze changes in soil physicochemical properties, soil enzyme activities, soil N 2 O emissions, soil microbial communities, cotton yield, and nitrogen fertilizer productivity in cotton fields. The results showed that at the same irrigation level, increasing nitrogen application significantly increased nitrate nitrogen (NN) content by 10.76–21.23 %, ammonium nitrogen (AN) content by 25.99–54.38 %, and N 2 O emissions by 47.19–101.53 %. It significantly reduced soil PH by 1.18–2.24 %, water-filled pore space (WFPS) by 7.61–17.61 %, and PFP N by 28.67–47.59 %. Under the same nitrogen application level, increasing the irrigation quota significantly increased WFPS by 12.80 %, N 2 O emissions by 17.43 %, and soil pH by 1.27 % (p < 0.05). It significantly reduced total nitrogen (TN) by 14.93 %, NN by 8.60 %, and AN by 10.96 %. Significant differences were observed in the activities of soil urease (URE), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), catalase (CAT), and sucrase (SUC) under different treatments in cotton fields. Increasing both the irrigation quota and nitrogen application significantly reduced bacterial alpha diversity. Under high water and high nitrogen treatments, several nitrogen cycle-related bacterial genera, such as Nitrospira and Sphingomonas , were enriched. The structural equation model (SEM) indicated that optimizing water and nitrogen management can improve PFP N in cotton by enhancing the soil microenvironment. The comprehensive TOPSIS evaluation showed that the combination of a 54 mm irrigation quota and a nitrogen application rate of 150 kg·hm −2 performed best in reducing N 2 O emissions, enhancing soil microbial diversity, cotton yield, and PFP N . This study further improves the theoretical system of non-mulched drip irrigation cotton production in southern Xinjiang, facilitates the promotion of clean agricultural production practices, and provides a research basis for improving the soil microenvironment in typical arid farmlands. • Cotton Partial Factor Productivity of N is improved by regulated soil microenvironment. • Reducing N 2 O emissions favours Cotton partial factor productivity of N. • Cotton Partial Factor Productivity of N and soil bacterial community diversity were improved with W2F1 regime. • The study strategies for cleaner production of non-mulched drip irrigation cotton are provided.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen application significantly increased nitrate nitrogen content by 10.76–21.23 %.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- increasing nitrogen applicatione1
- Outcome
- nitrate nitrogen (NN) contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 10.76–21.23 %e1
- Setting
- southern Xinjiange0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip-irrigated cotton fields without film in southern Xinjiang”
e1“increasing nitrogen application significantly increased nitrate nitrogen (NN) content by 10.76–21.23 %, ammonium nitrogen (AN) content by 25.99–54.38 %, and N 2 O emissions by 47.19–101.53 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen application significantly increased ammonium nitrogen content by 25.99–54.38 %.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen applicatione1
- Outcome
- ammonium nitrogen (AN) contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 25.99–54.38 %e1
- Setting
- southern Xinjiange0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip-irrigated cotton fields without film in southern Xinjiang”
e1“increasing nitrogen application significantly increased nitrate nitrogen (NN) content by 10.76–21.23 %, ammonium nitrogen (AN) content by 25.99–54.38 %, and N 2 O emissions by 47.19–101.53 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen application significantly increased N2O emissions by 47.19–101.53 %.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen applicatione1
- Outcome
- N 2 O emissionse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 47.19–101.53 %e1
- Setting
- southern Xinjiange0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip-irrigated cotton fields without film in southern Xinjiang”
e1“increasing nitrogen application significantly increased nitrate nitrogen (NN) content by 10.76–21.23 %, ammonium nitrogen (AN) content by 25.99–54.38 %, and N 2 O emissions by 47.19–101.53 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen application significantly reduced soil pH by 1.18–2.24 %.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen applicatione1
- Outcome
- soil PHe2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 1.18–2.24 %e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip-irrigated cotton fields without film in southern Xinjiang”
e1“increasing nitrogen application significantly increased nitrate nitrogen (NN) content by 10.76–21.23 %, ammonium nitrogen (AN) content by 25.99–54.38 %, and N 2 O emissions by 47.19–101.53 %”
e2“It significantly reduced soil PH by 1.18–2.24 %, water-filled pore space (WFPS) by 7.61–17.61 %, and PFP N by 28.67–47.59 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen application significantly reduced water-filled pore space by 7.61–17.61 %.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen applicatione1
- Outcome
- water-filled pore space (WFPS)e2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 7.61–17.61 %e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip-irrigated cotton fields without film in southern Xinjiang”
e1“increasing nitrogen application significantly increased nitrate nitrogen (NN) content by 10.76–21.23 %, ammonium nitrogen (AN) content by 25.99–54.38 %, and N 2 O emissions by 47.19–101.53 %”
e2“It significantly reduced soil PH by 1.18–2.24 %, water-filled pore space (WFPS) by 7.61–17.61 %, and PFP N by 28.67–47.59 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen application significantly reduced PFP N by 28.67–47.59 %.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen applicatione1
- Outcome
- PFP Ne2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 28.67–47.59 %e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip-irrigated cotton fields without film in southern Xinjiang”
e1“increasing nitrogen application significantly increased nitrate nitrogen (NN) content by 10.76–21.23 %, ammonium nitrogen (AN) content by 25.99–54.38 %, and N 2 O emissions by 47.19–101.53 %”
e2“It significantly reduced soil PH by 1.18–2.24 %, water-filled pore space (WFPS) by 7.61–17.61 %, and PFP N by 28.67–47.59 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the irrigation quota significantly increased water-filled pore space by 12.80 % at the same nitrogen level.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- increasing the irrigation quotae3
- Outcome
- WFPSe3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 12.80 %e3
- Comparator
- same nitrogen application levele3
- Setting
- southern Xinjiange0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip-irrigated cotton fields without film in southern Xinjiang”
e3“Under the same nitrogen application level, increasing the irrigation quota significantly increased WFPS by 12.80 %, N 2 O emissions by 17.43 %, and soil pH by 1.27 % (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the irrigation quota significantly increased N2O emissions by 17.43 % at the same nitrogen level.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- increasing the irrigation quotae3
- Outcome
- N 2 O emissionse3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 17.43 %e3
- Comparator
- same nitrogen application levele3
- Setting
- southern Xinjiange0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip-irrigated cotton fields without film in southern Xinjiang”
e3“Under the same nitrogen application level, increasing the irrigation quota significantly increased WFPS by 12.80 %, N 2 O emissions by 17.43 %, and soil pH by 1.27 % (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the irrigation quota significantly increased soil pH by 1.27 % at the same nitrogen level.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- increasing the irrigation quotae3
- Outcome
- soil pHe3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 1.27 %e3
- Comparator
- same nitrogen application levele3
- Setting
- southern Xinjiange0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip-irrigated cotton fields without film in southern Xinjiang”
e3“Under the same nitrogen application level, increasing the irrigation quota significantly increased WFPS by 12.80 %, N 2 O emissions by 17.43 %, and soil pH by 1.27 % (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the irrigation quota significantly reduced total nitrogen by 14.93 %.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- increasing the irrigation quotae3
- Outcome
- total nitrogen (TN)e4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 14.93 %e4
- Comparator
- same nitrogen application levele3
- Setting
- southern Xinjiange0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip-irrigated cotton fields without film in southern Xinjiang”
e3“Under the same nitrogen application level, increasing the irrigation quota significantly increased WFPS by 12.80 %, N 2 O emissions by 17.43 %, and soil pH by 1.27 % (p < 0.05)”
e4“It significantly reduced total nitrogen (TN) by 14.93 %, NN by 8.60 %, and AN by 10.96 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the irrigation quota significantly reduced NN by 8.60 %.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- increasing the irrigation quotae3
- Outcome
- NNe4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 8.60 %e4
- Comparator
- same nitrogen application levele3
- Setting
- southern Xinjiange0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip-irrigated cotton fields without film in southern Xinjiang”
e3“Under the same nitrogen application level, increasing the irrigation quota significantly increased WFPS by 12.80 %, N 2 O emissions by 17.43 %, and soil pH by 1.27 % (p < 0.05)”
e4“It significantly reduced total nitrogen (TN) by 14.93 %, NN by 8.60 %, and AN by 10.96 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the irrigation quota significantly reduced AN by 10.96 %.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- increasing the irrigation quotae3
- Outcome
- ANe4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 10.96 %e4
- Comparator
- same nitrogen application levele3
- Setting
- southern Xinjiange0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip-irrigated cotton fields without film in southern Xinjiang”
e3“Under the same nitrogen application level, increasing the irrigation quota significantly increased WFPS by 12.80 %, N 2 O emissions by 17.43 %, and soil pH by 1.27 % (p < 0.05)”
e4“It significantly reduced total nitrogen (TN) by 14.93 %, NN by 8.60 %, and AN by 10.96 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil urease, alkaline phosphatase, catalase and sucrase activities differed significantly among treatments in cotton fields.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- different treatmentse5
- Outcome
- activities of soil urease (URE), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), catalase (CAT), and sucrase (SUC)e5
- Setting
- southern Xinjiange0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip-irrigated cotton fields without film in southern Xinjiang”
e5“Significant differences were observed in the activities of soil urease (URE), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), catalase (CAT), and sucrase (SUC) under different treatments in cotton fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing both the irrigation quota and nitrogen application significantly reduced bacterial alpha diversity.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Increasing both the irrigation quota and nitrogen applicatione6
- Outcome
- bacterial alpha diversitye6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Setting
- southern Xinjiange0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip-irrigated cotton fields without film in southern Xinjiang”
e6“Increasing both the irrigation quota and nitrogen application significantly reduced bacterial alpha diversity”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high water and high nitrogen treatments, nitrogen cycle-related bacterial genera such as Nitrospira and Sphingomonas were enriched.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- high water and high nitrogen treatmentse7
- Outcome
- nitrogen cycle-related bacterial generae7
- Direction
- enrichede7
- Qualifier
- Nitrospira and Sphingomonase7
- Setting
- southern Xinjiange0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip-irrigated cotton fields without film in southern Xinjiang”
e7“Under high water and high nitrogen treatments, several nitrogen cycle-related bacterial genera, such as Nitrospira and Sphingomonas , were enriched”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimizing water and nitrogen management is associated with improved PFP N in cotton by enhancing the soil microenvironment.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume5
- Treatment
- optimizing water and nitrogen managemente5
- Outcome
- PFP Ne5
- Direction
- improvee5
- Qualifier
- by enhancing the soil microenvironmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The structural equation model (SEM) indicated that optimizing water and nitrogen management can improve PFP N in cotton by enhancing the soil microenvironment”
Claim · model-written summary
The 54 mm irrigation quota with 150 kg·hm −2 nitrogen performed best in reducing N2O emissions, enhancing soil microbial diversity, cotton yield, and PFP N.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- combination of a 54 mm irrigation quota and a nitrogen application rate of 150 kg·hm −2e5
- Outcome
- reducing N 2 O emissionse5
- Direction
- performed beste5
- Qualifier
- enhancing soil microbial diversity, cotton yield, and PFP Ne5
- Setting
- southern Xinjiange0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip-irrigated cotton fields without film in southern Xinjiang”
e5“The comprehensive TOPSIS evaluation showed that the combination of a 54 mm irrigation quota and a nitrogen application rate of 150 kg·hm −2 performed best in reducing N 2 O emissions, enhancing soil microbial diversity, cotton yield, and PFP N”
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