Abstract
Drip irrigation practices can improve water and fertilizer use efficiency, thus, it is widely applied in agricultural production in global arid regions. However, the time for fertilizer input in drip irrigation was generally 30 min after water started to flow in, and the appropriate fertilizer application timing was not clear under different fertilizer application rates, which also restricted the improvement of nitrogen use efficiency. In 2023 and 2024, a two-factor split-plot experiment was conducted in arid Northwestern China, to precisely control the amount and timing of fertilizer application using electric irrigation valves. The main plot was divided into two nitrogen (N) application rates of 240 N kg ha −1 (N1) and 300 N kg ha −1 (N2), and the split plots were divided into three N fertigation timings, which correspond to 10%(T1), 20%(T2) and 40%(T3) of the single irrigation rate, respectively. This study examined the response of N application rate and timing interaction to cotton-soil system, using the nitrogen use efficiency(NUE bala ), cotton yield and fiber quality as the primary indicators. The results indicated that (1)As the N application rate increased, the content of available N in each soil layer increased across all growth stages, and postponing the timing of nitrogen application was conducive to the distribution of ammonium N in soil of the cotton root zone and reduced the migration of nitrate N to the 40–60 cm soil layer. (2)Both elevating nitrogen application rates and postponing nitrogen application timing significantly influenced cotton biomass and nitrogen uptake during the vegetative-reproductive stage, concurrently promoting nitrogen distribution and accumulation in roots, stems, and bolls. (3)The partial productivity of N fertilizer(PFPN) was inversely proportional to the amount of fertilizer applied. Under low nitrogen condition, postponing the timing of nitrogen application significantly enhanced the PFPN and NUE bala . (4)The N2T3 treatment (high-N with late fertilization) exhibited the highest yield index; however, there was no significant difference was observed between N2T3 and N1T3 (low-N with late fertilization). Notably, the N1T3 treatment achieved equivalent cotton yield and quality to high-N treatments while maintaining low nitrogen input, demonstrating its potential as a sustainable irrigation and fertilization strategy under precision irrigation conditions.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the N application rate increased available N content in each soil layer across all growth stages.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume1 - Treatment
- N application ratee0
- Outcome
- content of available Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As the N application rate increased, the content of available N in each soil layer increased across all growth stages”
e1“cotton yield and fiber quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Postponing nitrogen application timing was conducive to ammonium N distribution in the cotton root zone.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- postponing the timing of nitrogen applicatione2
- Outcome
- distribution of ammonium N in soile2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“postponing the timing of nitrogen application was conducive to the distribution of ammonium N in soil of the cotton root zone”
Claim · model-written summary
Postponing nitrogen application timing reduced the migration of nitrate N to the 40–60 cm soil layer.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- postponing the timing of nitrogen applicatione2
- Outcome
- migration of nitrate N to the 40–60 cm soil layere3
- Direction
- reducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“cotton yield and fiber quality”
e2“postponing the timing of nitrogen application was conducive to the distribution of ammonium N in soil of the cotton root zone”
e3“reduced the migration of nitrate N to the 40–60 cm soil layer”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated N application rate and postponed N application timing significantly influenced cotton biomass and nitrogen uptake during the vegetative-reproductive stage.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume4
- Organ / stage
- vegetative-reproductive stagee4
- Treatment
- elevating nitrogen application rates and postponing nitrogen application timinge4
- Outcome
- cotton biomass and nitrogen uptakee4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Both elevating nitrogen application rates and postponing nitrogen application timing significantly influenced cotton biomass and nitrogen uptake during the vegetative-reproductive stage”
e1“cotton yield and fiber quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated N application rate and postponed N application timing promoted nitrogen distribution and accumulation in roots, stems and bolls.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume4
- Organ / stage
- roots, stems, and bollse5
- Treatment
- elevating nitrogen application rates and postponing nitrogen application timinge4
- Outcome
- nitrogen distribution and accumulation in roots, stems, and bollse5
- Direction
- promotinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Both elevating nitrogen application rates and postponing nitrogen application timing significantly influenced cotton biomass and nitrogen uptake during the vegetative-reproductive stage”
e5“concurrently promoting nitrogen distribution and accumulation in roots, stems, and bolls”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial productivity of N fertilizer was inversely proportional to the amount of fertilizer applied.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- amount of fertilizer appliede6
- Outcome
- partial productivity of N fertilizere6
- Direction
- inversely proportionale6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The partial productivity of N fertilizer(PFPN) was inversely proportional to the amount of fertilizer applied”
e1“cotton yield and fiber quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Under low nitrogen, postponing nitrogen application timing significantly enhanced PFPN and NUE bala.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- postponing the timing of nitrogen applicatione7
- Outcome
- PFPN and NUE balae7
- Direction
- enhancede7
- Qualifier
- Under low nitrogen conditione7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Under low nitrogen condition, postponing the timing of nitrogen application significantly enhanced the PFPN and NUE bala”
e1“cotton yield and fiber quality”
Claim · model-written summary
The N2T3 treatment (high-N with late fertilization) exhibited the highest cotton yield index.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- high-N with late fertilizatione2
- Outcome
- yield indexe2
- Direction
- higheste2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The N2T3 treatment (high-N with late fertilization) exhibited the highest yield index”
e1“cotton yield and fiber quality”
Claim · model-written summary
The yield index of N2T3 (high-N with late fertilization) did not differ significantly from N1T3 (low-N with late fertilization).
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- low-N with late fertilizatione3
- Outcome
- yield indexe2
- Direction
- no significant differencee3
- Comparator
- high-N with late fertilizatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The N2T3 treatment (high-N with late fertilization) exhibited the highest yield index”
e3“there was no significant difference was observed between N2T3 and N1T3 (low-N with late fertilization)”
e1“cotton yield and fiber quality”
Claim · model-written summary
N1T3 treatment achieved cotton yield and quality equivalent to high-N treatments while maintaining low nitrogen input.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume4
- Treatment
- N1T3 treatmente4
- Outcome
- cotton yield and qualitye4
- Direction
- equivalente4
- Qualifier
- while maintaining low nitrogen inpute4
- Comparator
- high-N treatmentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“the N1T3 treatment achieved equivalent cotton yield and quality to high-N treatments while maintaining low nitrogen input”
Claim · model-written summary
N1T3 may serve as a sustainable irrigation and fertilization strategy under precision irrigation conditions.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Outcome
- sustainable irrigation and fertilization strategye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“demonstrating its potential as a sustainable irrigation and fertilization strategy under precision irrigation conditions”
e1“cotton yield and fiber quality”
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