Abstract
Long-term straw return with appropriate nitrogen (N) fertilization increases seedcotton yield and fiber quality, and the root system plays an important role in cotton production. However, under straw return and N fertilization, the relationship between the cotton boll-loading capacity of the root system and seedcotton yield remains unclear. In this study, a ten years of long-term field experiment was conducted in a wheat–cotton rotation system. The effects of straw treatments (straw return and straw removal) and N rates (N0, N75, N150 and N300 representing 0, 75, 150 and 300 kg N ha −1 , respectively) on cotton root activity, boll-loading capacity of the root system and their relationship to seedcotton yield from 2019 to 2022 were quantified. The results showed that straw return with an appropriate N fertilization of N150 increased root biomass, the rate and components of root-bleeding sap, as well as boll-loading capacity of the root system and seedcotton yield, but decreased the ratio of root to shoot biomass. Furthermore, the root-bleeding sap rate reached the maximum at 30 days post anthesis (DPA) during the peak boll setting stage. However, the contents of nitrate-N, free amino acids and soluble sugar in root-bleeding sap decreased from 10 DPA. Notably, in 2021 and at 30 DPA, the highest contents of nitrate-N (4.8 μg mL −1 ) and free amino acids (8.3μg mL −1 ), as well as soluble sugar (3.4 μg mL −1 ) were observed at N150 under straw return. The increase in seedcotton yield is positively correlated to the soluble sugar content. Straw return significantly increased the boll-loading capacity of the root system, which first increased but then decreased with the increase in N fertilization. Under straw return with N150, the maximum seecotton yield (3455–4544 kg ha −1 ) was recorded, and the largest boll loading (49–54 boll 100 g −1 ) and boll capacity (242–292 g 100 g −1 ) of root system at the boll opening stage were observed. Therefore, straw return with appropriate N fertilization improved root activity and the boll-loading capacity of the root system, thereby increasing seedcotton yield. This study provides new insights into improving seedcotton yield from the perspective of coordinating cotton growth.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return with N150 increased cotton root biomass relative to straw removal.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- straw return with an appropriate N fertilization of N150e1
- Outcome
- root biomasse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- straw removale2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton root system”
e1“straw return with an appropriate N fertilization of N150 increased root biomass, the rate and components of root-bleeding sap, as well as boll-loading capacity of the root system and seedcotton yield, but decreased the ratio of root to shoot biomass”
e2“straw treatments (straw return and straw removal)”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return with N150 increased the rate and components of root-bleeding sap in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- straw return with an appropriate N fertilization of N150e1
- Outcome
- rate and components of root-bleeding sape1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- straw removale2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton root system”
e1“straw return with an appropriate N fertilization of N150 increased root biomass, the rate and components of root-bleeding sap, as well as boll-loading capacity of the root system and seedcotton yield, but decreased the ratio of root to shoot biomass”
e2“straw treatments (straw return and straw removal)”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return with N150 increased the boll-loading capacity of the cotton root system.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- straw return with an appropriate N fertilization of N150e1
- Outcome
- boll-loading capacity of the root systeme1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- straw removale2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton root system”
e1“straw return with an appropriate N fertilization of N150 increased root biomass, the rate and components of root-bleeding sap, as well as boll-loading capacity of the root system and seedcotton yield, but decreased the ratio of root to shoot biomass”
e2“straw treatments (straw return and straw removal)”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return with N150 increased seedcotton yield relative to straw removal.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- straw return with an appropriate N fertilization of N150e1
- Outcome
- seedcotton yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- straw removale2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton root system”
e1“straw return with an appropriate N fertilization of N150 increased root biomass, the rate and components of root-bleeding sap, as well as boll-loading capacity of the root system and seedcotton yield, but decreased the ratio of root to shoot biomass”
e2“straw treatments (straw return and straw removal)”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return with N150 decreased the ratio of root to shoot biomass in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- straw return with an appropriate N fertilization of N150e1
- Outcome
- ratio of root to shoot biomasse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- straw removale2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton root system”
e1“straw return with an appropriate N fertilization of N150 increased root biomass, the rate and components of root-bleeding sap, as well as boll-loading capacity of the root system and seedcotton yield, but decreased the ratio of root to shoot biomass”
e2“straw treatments (straw return and straw removal)”
Claim · model-written summary
The root-bleeding sap rate of cotton reached its maximum at 30 days post anthesis during the peak boll setting stage.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- peak boll setting stagee3
- Outcome
- root-bleeding sap ratee3
- Direction
- maximume3
- Qualifier
- 30 days post anthesis (DPA)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton root system”
e3“the root-bleeding sap rate reached the maximum at 30 days post anthesis (DPA) during the peak boll setting stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate-N content in root-bleeding sap was highest at N150 under straw return in 2021 and at 30 DPA, at 4.8 μg mL −1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- N150 under straw returne5
- Outcome
- contents of nitrate-Ne5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 4.8 μg mL −1e5
- Qualifier
- 2021 and at 30 DPAe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton root system”
e5“in 2021 and at 30 DPA, the highest contents of nitrate-N (4.8 μg mL −1 ) and free amino acids (8.3μg mL −1 ), as well as soluble sugar (3.4 μg mL −1 ) were observed at N150 under straw return”
Claim · model-written summary
Free amino acid content in root-bleeding sap was highest at N150 under straw return in 2021 and at 30 DPA, at 8.3 μg mL −1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- N150 under straw returne5
- Outcome
- free amino acidse5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 8.3μg mL −1e5
- Qualifier
- 2021 and at 30 DPAe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton root system”
e5“in 2021 and at 30 DPA, the highest contents of nitrate-N (4.8 μg mL −1 ) and free amino acids (8.3μg mL −1 ), as well as soluble sugar (3.4 μg mL −1 ) were observed at N150 under straw return”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble sugar content in root-bleeding sap was highest at N150 under straw return in 2021 and at 30 DPA, at 3.4 μg mL −1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- N150 under straw returne5
- Outcome
- soluble sugare5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 3.4 μg mL −1e5
- Qualifier
- 2021 and at 30 DPAe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton root system”
e5“in 2021 and at 30 DPA, the highest contents of nitrate-N (4.8 μg mL −1 ) and free amino acids (8.3μg mL −1 ), as well as soluble sugar (3.4 μg mL −1 ) were observed at N150 under straw return”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedcotton yield was positively correlated with the soluble sugar content of cotton root-bleeding sap.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Compound
- soluble sugar contente6
- Outcome
- seedcotton yielde6
- Direction
- positively correlatede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton root system”
e6“The increase in seedcotton yield is positively correlated to the soluble sugar content”
Claim · model-written summary
Boll-loading capacity of the root system first increased and then decreased as N fertilization increased under straw return.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- increase in N fertilizatione7
- Outcome
- boll-loading capacity of the root systeme7
- Direction
- first increased but then decreasede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton root system”
e7“Straw return significantly increased the boll-loading capacity of the root system, which first increased but then decreased with the increase in N fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return significantly increased the boll-loading capacity of the cotton root system relative to straw removal.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Straw returne7
- Outcome
- boll-loading capacity of the root systeme7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Comparator
- straw removale2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton root system”
e7“Straw return significantly increased the boll-loading capacity of the root system, which first increased but then decreased with the increase in N fertilization”
e2“straw treatments (straw return and straw removal)”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum seedcotton yield under straw return with N150 was 3455–4544 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- straw return with N150e0
- Outcome
- seecotton yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 3455–4544 kg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton root system”
e0“Under straw return with N150, the maximum seecotton yield (3455–4544 kg ha −1 ) was recorded, and the largest boll loading (49–54 boll 100 g −1 ) and boll capacity (242–292 g 100 g −1 ) of root system at the boll opening stage were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
The largest boll loading of the root system at the boll opening stage was 49–54 boll 100 g −1 under straw return with N150.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- root systeme0
- Treatment
- straw return with N150e0
- Outcome
- boll loadinge0
- Direction
- largeste0
- Value
- 49–54 boll 100 g −1e0
- Qualifier
- at the boll opening stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton root system”
e0“Under straw return with N150, the maximum seecotton yield (3455–4544 kg ha −1 ) was recorded, and the largest boll loading (49–54 boll 100 g −1 ) and boll capacity (242–292 g 100 g −1 ) of root system at the boll opening stage were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
The largest boll capacity of the root system at the boll opening stage was 242–292 g 100 g −1 under straw return with N150.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- root systeme0
- Treatment
- straw return with N150e0
- Outcome
- boll capacitye0
- Direction
- largeste0
- Value
- 242–292 g 100 g −1e0
- Qualifier
- at the boll opening stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton root system”
e0“Under straw return with N150, the maximum seecotton yield (3455–4544 kg ha −1 ) was recorded, and the largest boll loading (49–54 boll 100 g −1 ) and boll capacity (242–292 g 100 g −1 ) of root system at the boll opening stage were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return with appropriate N fertilization improved cotton root activity relative to straw removal.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- straw return with appropriate N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- root activitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- straw removale2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton root system”
e0“straw return with appropriate N fertilization improved root activity and the boll-loading capacity of the root system, thereby increasing seedcotton yield”
e2“straw treatments (straw return and straw removal)”
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