Abstract
Organic amendments not only improve soil conditions but also affect belowground biological processes. This study used a split plot design to investigate the effects of cotton straw management, inorganic fertiliser, and manure amendment on (i) soil nutrient content, (ii) soil microbial properties, and (iii) cotton root growth in a drip-irrigated cotton field. Straw return significantly increased soil inorganic nitrogen (N), N transformation rates, organic carbon (C), and urease activity. Straw return, however, had no significant effect on either root growth or activity. Inorganic fertiliser and/or manure amendment significantly increased inorganic N, N transformation rates, organic C, microbial biomass C, urease activity, and invertase activity. Inorganic fertiliser and/or manure also significantly increased fine root growth, triphenyltetrazolium chloride-reducing capacity, and specific root length. Moreover, the inorganic fertiliser plus manure treatment had the greatest soil inorganic N concentrations, N mineralisation rate, total carbon dioxide efflux, C mineralisation rate, soil organic C concentration, microbial biomass C concentration and enzyme activity, as well as root biomass, fine root : coarse root ratio, root triphenyltetrazolium chloride-reducing capacity and specific root length. Straw return to inorganically fertilised soil increased inorganic N concentrations by 11%, net N mineralisation rate by 59%, net nitrification by 59%, gross nitrification by 14%, denitrification by 39%, and urease activity by 25% compared with inorganic fertiliser alone. Taken together, the results indicated that straw return and manure application significantly promoted soil microbial activity and soil N transformation in the presence of inorganic fertiliser. The manure amendment enabled the crop to develop a more extensive root system, primarily by increasing the number of fine roots. Thus, organic amendments may improve the acquisition efficiency of inorganic fertiliser in drip-irrigated cotton fields.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return significantly increased soil inorganic N, N transformation rates and organic C.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- Straw returne1
- Outcome
- soil inorganic nitrogen (N), N transformation rates, organic carbon (C)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Straw return significantly increased soil inorganic nitrogen (N), N transformation rates, organic carbon (C), and urease activity”
t0“drip-irrigated cotton field”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return significantly increased soil urease activity.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Straw returne1
- Outcome
- urease activitye1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Straw return significantly increased soil inorganic nitrogen (N), N transformation rates, organic carbon (C), and urease activity”
t0“drip-irrigated cotton field”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return had no significant effect on cotton root growth or activity.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Straw returne2
- Outcome
- root growth or activitye2
- Direction
- no significant effecte2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Straw return, however, had no significant effect on either root growth or activity”
t0“drip-irrigated cotton field”
Claim · model-written summary
Inorganic fertiliser and/or manure significantly increased inorganic N, N transformation rates and organic C.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Inorganic fertiliser and/or manure amendmente3
- Outcome
- inorganic N, N transformation rates, organic Ce3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Inorganic fertiliser and/or manure amendment significantly increased inorganic N, N transformation rates, organic C, microbial biomass C, urease activity, and invertase activity”
t0“drip-irrigated cotton field”
Claim · model-written summary
Inorganic fertiliser and/or manure significantly increased microbial biomass C, urease activity and invertase activity.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Inorganic fertiliser and/or manure amendmente3
- Outcome
- microbial biomass C, urease activity, and invertase activitye3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Inorganic fertiliser and/or manure amendment significantly increased inorganic N, N transformation rates, organic C, microbial biomass C, urease activity, and invertase activity”
t0“drip-irrigated cotton field”
Claim · model-written summary
Inorganic fertiliser and/or manure significantly increased fine root growth, TTC-reducing capacity and specific root length.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Inorganic fertiliser and/or manuree4
- Outcome
- fine root growth, triphenyltetrazolium chloride-reducing capacity, and specific root lengthe4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Inorganic fertiliser and/or manure also significantly increased fine root growth, triphenyltetrazolium chloride-reducing capacity, and specific root length”
t0“drip-irrigated cotton field”
Claim · model-written summary
The inorganic fertiliser plus manure treatment had the greatest soil inorganic N concentrations, N mineralisation rate and total CO2 efflux.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- inorganic fertiliser plus manure treatmente5
- Outcome
- soil inorganic N concentrations, N mineralisation rate, total carbon dioxide effluxe5
- Direction
- greateste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“the inorganic fertiliser plus manure treatment had the greatest soil inorganic N concentrations, N mineralisation rate, total carbon dioxide efflux, C mineralisation rate, soil organic C concentration, microbial biomass C concentration and enzyme activity, as well as root biomass, fine root : coarse root ratio, root triphenyltetrazolium chloride-reducing capacity and specific root length”
t0“drip-irrigated cotton field”
Claim · model-written summary
The inorganic fertiliser plus manure treatment had the greatest C mineralisation rate, soil organic C and microbial biomass C concentrations.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- inorganic fertiliser plus manure treatmente5
- Outcome
- C mineralisation rate, soil organic C concentration, microbial biomass C concentratione5
- Direction
- greateste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“the inorganic fertiliser plus manure treatment had the greatest soil inorganic N concentrations, N mineralisation rate, total carbon dioxide efflux, C mineralisation rate, soil organic C concentration, microbial biomass C concentration and enzyme activity, as well as root biomass, fine root : coarse root ratio, root triphenyltetrazolium chloride-reducing capacity and specific root length”
t0“drip-irrigated cotton field”
Claim · model-written summary
The inorganic fertiliser plus manure treatment had the greatest soil enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- inorganic fertiliser plus manure treatmente5
- Outcome
- enzyme activitye5
- Direction
- greateste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“the inorganic fertiliser plus manure treatment had the greatest soil inorganic N concentrations, N mineralisation rate, total carbon dioxide efflux, C mineralisation rate, soil organic C concentration, microbial biomass C concentration and enzyme activity, as well as root biomass, fine root : coarse root ratio, root triphenyltetrazolium chloride-reducing capacity and specific root length”
t0“drip-irrigated cotton field”
Claim · model-written summary
The inorganic fertiliser plus manure treatment had the greatest root biomass and fine root : coarse root ratio.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- inorganic fertiliser plus manure treatmente5
- Outcome
- root biomass, fine root : coarse root ratioe5
- Direction
- greateste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“the inorganic fertiliser plus manure treatment had the greatest soil inorganic N concentrations, N mineralisation rate, total carbon dioxide efflux, C mineralisation rate, soil organic C concentration, microbial biomass C concentration and enzyme activity, as well as root biomass, fine root : coarse root ratio, root triphenyltetrazolium chloride-reducing capacity and specific root length”
t0“drip-irrigated cotton field”
Claim · model-written summary
The inorganic fertiliser plus manure treatment had the greatest root TTC-reducing capacity and specific root length.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- inorganic fertiliser plus manure treatmente5
- Outcome
- root triphenyltetrazolium chloride-reducing capacity and specific root lengthe5
- Direction
- greateste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“the inorganic fertiliser plus manure treatment had the greatest soil inorganic N concentrations, N mineralisation rate, total carbon dioxide efflux, C mineralisation rate, soil organic C concentration, microbial biomass C concentration and enzyme activity, as well as root biomass, fine root : coarse root ratio, root triphenyltetrazolium chloride-reducing capacity and specific root length”
t0“drip-irrigated cotton field”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return to inorganically fertilised soil increased inorganic N concentrations by 11% relative to inorganic fertiliser alone.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Straw return to inorganically fertilised soile6
- Outcome
- inorganic N concentrationse6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 11%e6
- Comparator
- inorganic fertiliser alonee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Straw return to inorganically fertilised soil increased inorganic N concentrations by 11%, net N mineralisation rate by 59%, net nitrification by 59%, gross nitrification by 14%, denitrification by 39%, and urease activity by 25% compared with inorganic fertiliser alone”
t0“drip-irrigated cotton field”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return to inorganically fertilised soil increased net N mineralisation rate by 59% relative to inorganic fertiliser alone.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Straw return to inorganically fertilised soile6
- Outcome
- net N mineralisation ratee6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 59%e6
- Comparator
- inorganic fertiliser alonee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Straw return to inorganically fertilised soil increased inorganic N concentrations by 11%, net N mineralisation rate by 59%, net nitrification by 59%, gross nitrification by 14%, denitrification by 39%, and urease activity by 25% compared with inorganic fertiliser alone”
t0“drip-irrigated cotton field”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return to inorganically fertilised soil increased net nitrification by 59% relative to inorganic fertiliser alone.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Straw return to inorganically fertilised soile6
- Outcome
- net nitrificatione6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 59%e6
- Comparator
- inorganic fertiliser alonee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Straw return to inorganically fertilised soil increased inorganic N concentrations by 11%, net N mineralisation rate by 59%, net nitrification by 59%, gross nitrification by 14%, denitrification by 39%, and urease activity by 25% compared with inorganic fertiliser alone”
t0“drip-irrigated cotton field”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return to inorganically fertilised soil increased gross nitrification by 14% relative to inorganic fertiliser alone.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Straw return to inorganically fertilised soile6
- Outcome
- gross nitrificatione6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 14%e6
- Comparator
- inorganic fertiliser alonee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Straw return to inorganically fertilised soil increased inorganic N concentrations by 11%, net N mineralisation rate by 59%, net nitrification by 59%, gross nitrification by 14%, denitrification by 39%, and urease activity by 25% compared with inorganic fertiliser alone”
t0“drip-irrigated cotton field”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return to inorganically fertilised soil increased denitrification by 39% relative to inorganic fertiliser alone.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Straw return to inorganically fertilised soile6
- Outcome
- denitrificatione6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 39%e6
- Comparator
- inorganic fertiliser alonee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Straw return to inorganically fertilised soil increased inorganic N concentrations by 11%, net N mineralisation rate by 59%, net nitrification by 59%, gross nitrification by 14%, denitrification by 39%, and urease activity by 25% compared with inorganic fertiliser alone”
t0“drip-irrigated cotton field”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return to inorganically fertilised soil increased urease activity by 25% relative to inorganic fertiliser alone.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Straw return to inorganically fertilised soile6
- Outcome
- urease activitye6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 25%e6
- Comparator
- inorganic fertiliser alonee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Straw return to inorganically fertilised soil increased inorganic N concentrations by 11%, net N mineralisation rate by 59%, net nitrification by 59%, gross nitrification by 14%, denitrification by 39%, and urease activity by 25% compared with inorganic fertiliser alone”
t0“drip-irrigated cotton field”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure amendment gave cotton a more extensive root system, mainly through more fine roots.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- manure amendmente7
- Outcome
- root systeme7
- Direction
- more extensivee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The manure amendment enabled the crop to develop a more extensive root system, primarily by increasing the number of fine roots”
t0“drip-irrigated cotton field”
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