Abstract
• ALA promotes ethylene production. • ALA decreases tomato fruit firmness, cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin contents. • ALA accelerates tomato fruit softening in an ethylene-dependent manner. • ALA reduces tomato fruit firmness may also be related to starch degradation. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) has been widely utilized to improve fruit quality and accelerate mature, and it also promotes ethylene synthesis. However, ALA interacts with ethylene to modulate tomato fruits softening remain poorly understood. Here, we treated mature green stage tomato fruits with ALA, aminooxyacetic acid (AOA)+AgNO 3 , and AOA+AgNO 3 +ALA, and assessed ethylene production, firmness, and cell wall-related indicators levels in tomato fruits. The results showed that ALA treatment promoted ethylene production and reduced fruit firmness. In addition, ALA treatment enhanced the activities of β-galactosidase (β-GAL), polygalacturonase (PG), cellulase (CEL), pectin methylesterase (PME), and pectin lyase (PL), and reduced the contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, and protopectin. Furthermore, ALA treatment upregulated the expression levels of genes involved in cell wall modification, such as polygalacturonase 2a ( SlPG2a ), pectin lyase ( SlPL ), expansin 1 ( SlEXP1 ), xyloglucan endotransglycosylase 5 ( SlXTH5 ), and cellulase 1 ( SlCEL1 ). We also observed that in AOA+AgNO 3 -treated fruits, the expression of genes involved in cell wall modification was downregulated, leading to significant inhibition of fruit softening. Conversely, treatment with AOA+AgNO 3 +ALA upregulated cell wall-modifying genes expression, increased cell wall-modifying enzymes activities, reduced cell wall component levels, and accelerated fruit softening. These findings suggest that ALA promotes cell wall degradation and accelerates fruit softening through promoted ethylene production. Additionally, our results demonstrated that ALA reduces fruit firmness may also be related to its promotion of starch degradation. Our work enhances the understanding of how ALA interacts with ethylene to regulate fruit softening, thereby providing a novel strategy for controlling tomato fruits softening.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
ALA increased ethylene production in tomato fruit.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- ALA treatmente0
- Outcome
- ethylene productione0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ALA treatment promoted ethylene production”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA reduced tomato fruit firmness.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ALA treatmente0
- Outcome
- fruit firmnesse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ALA treatment promoted ethylene production and reduced fruit firmness”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA enhanced β-GAL, PG and CEL enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ALA treatmente0
- Outcome
- activities of β-galactosidase (β-GAL), polygalacturonase (PG), cellulase (CEL)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ALA treatment enhanced the activities of β-galactosidase (β-GAL), polygalacturonase (PG), cellulase (CEL), pectin methylesterase (PME), and pectin lyase (PL)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA enhanced PME and PL enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ALA treatmente0
- Outcome
- pectin methylesterase (PME), and pectin lyase (PL)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ALA treatment enhanced the activities of β-galactosidase (β-GAL), polygalacturonase (PG), cellulase (CEL), pectin methylesterase (PME), and pectin lyase (PL)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA reduced cellulose, hemicellulose and protopectin contents.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ALA treatmente1
- Outcome
- contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, and protopectine0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, and protopectin”
t0“tomato”
e1“ALA treatment promoted ethylene production”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA upregulated SlPG2a, SlPL and SlEXP1 expression.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ALA treatmente0
- Gene
- SlPG2ae0
- Outcome
- expression levels of genes involved in cell wall modificatione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ALA treatment upregulated the expression levels of genes involved in cell wall modification, such as polygalacturonase 2a ( SlPG2a ), pectin lyase ( SlPL ), expansin 1 ( SlEXP1 ), xyloglucan endotransglycosylase 5 ( SlXTH5 ), and cellulase 1 ( SlCEL1 )”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA upregulated SlXTH5 and SlCEL1 expression.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ALA treatmente0
- Gene
- SlXTH5e0
- Outcome
- expression levels of genes involved in cell wall modificatione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ALA treatment upregulated the expression levels of genes involved in cell wall modification, such as polygalacturonase 2a ( SlPG2a ), pectin lyase ( SlPL ), expansin 1 ( SlEXP1 ), xyloglucan endotransglycosylase 5 ( SlXTH5 ), and cellulase 1 ( SlCEL1 )”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
AOA plus AgNO 3 downregulated cell wall modification genes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AOA+AgNO 3e0
- Outcome
- expression of genes involved in cell wall modificatione0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in AOA+AgNO 3 -treated fruits, the expression of genes involved in cell wall modification was downregulated”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
AOA plus AgNO 3 significantly inhibited tomato fruit softening.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AOA+AgNO 3t1
- Outcome
- fruit softeninge0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leading to significant inhibition of fruit softening”
t0“tomato”
t1“in AOA+AgNO 3 -treated fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
AOA plus AgNO 3 plus ALA upregulated cell wall modifying gene expression.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AOA+AgNO 3 +ALAe0
- Outcome
- cell wall-modifying genes expressione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment with AOA+AgNO 3 +ALA upregulated cell wall-modifying genes expression, increased cell wall-modifying enzymes activities, reduced cell wall component levels, and accelerated fruit softening”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
AOA plus AgNO 3 plus ALA increased cell wall modifying enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AOA+AgNO 3 +ALAe0
- Outcome
- cell wall-modifying enzymes activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment with AOA+AgNO 3 +ALA upregulated cell wall-modifying genes expression, increased cell wall-modifying enzymes activities, reduced cell wall component levels, and accelerated fruit softening”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
AOA plus AgNO 3 plus ALA reduced cell wall component levels.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AOA+AgNO 3 +ALAe0
- Outcome
- cell wall component levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment with AOA+AgNO 3 +ALA upregulated cell wall-modifying genes expression, increased cell wall-modifying enzymes activities, reduced cell wall component levels, and accelerated fruit softening”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
AOA plus AgNO 3 plus ALA accelerated fruit softening.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AOA+AgNO 3 +ALAe0
- Outcome
- fruit softeninge0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment with AOA+AgNO 3 +ALA upregulated cell wall-modifying genes expression, increased cell wall-modifying enzymes activities, reduced cell wall component levels, and accelerated fruit softening”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA was interpreted to accelerate fruit softening through ethylene production and cell wall degradation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ALAe0
- Outcome
- fruit softeninge0
- Qualifier
- through promoted ethylene productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ALA promotes cell wall degradation and accelerates fruit softening through promoted ethylene production”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA-related loss of fruit firmness may also involve starch degradation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ALAe0
- Outcome
- fruit firmnesse0
- Qualifier
- starch degradatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ALA reduces fruit firmness may also be related to its promotion of starch degradation”
t0“tomato”
The same questions in other papers
(aminooxy)acetic acid · quality: postharvest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
(aminooxy)acetic acid · physiology: enzyme activity · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
5-aminolevulinic acid · molecular: metabolites · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- no effect
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →5-aminolevulinic acid · quality: postharvest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
5-aminolevulinic acid · physiology: hormones · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
(aminooxy)acetic acid · molecular: expression · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
5-aminolevulinic acid · physiology: enzyme activity · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →5-aminolevulinic acid · molecular: expression · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
7 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.