Abstract
Introduction Tomato fruit are rich in γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA), which lowers blood pressure and improves sleep. An increase in GABA content is important for enhancing the nutritional quality of tomato fruit. Methods To investigate the effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on fruit quality and GABA synthesis in greenhouse tomatoes, the tomato cultivar ( Solanum lycopersicum cv. ‘184’) was used as an experimental material. During the fruit-setting period, root drenching with 0, 10, and 50 mg·L −1 ALA, foliar spraying with 0, 50, and 100 mg·L −1 ALA, and fruit surface spraying with 0, 100, and 200 mg·L −1 ALA were applied. The study investigated the application of exogenous ALA to different parts of the plant to determine the optimal ALA concentrations for each application site (10 mg·L −1 for root application, 100 mg·L −1 for foliar application, and 100 mg·L −1 for fruit surface application). Using the selected optimal ALA concentrations, tomatoes were used to study the effects of exogenous ALA application at different sites on fruit quality and GABA synthesis of greenhouse tomatoes. Results and discussion The results demonstrated that exogenous ALA application to different parts of greenhouse-grown tomato plants substantially increased single-fruit weight by 42.37%–76.24%, soluble sugar content by 78.51%–94.52%, soluble solids by 9.09%–41.71%, soluble protein by 82.71%–241.05%, and ascorbic acid content by 1.31%–5.06% in mature tomatoes. And it reduced the organic acid content of the fruit by 12.81%–33.61%. Moreover, ALA applied at different parts of plants substantially enhanced the free amino acid content by 11.22%–16.50%, among them, umami amino acid content by 7.26%–20.13%. Besides, GABA content in mature tomato fruits was increased by 214.58%–433.32 across the different application parts. Exogenous ALA application at different sites regulates the activity of glutamate acid decarboxylase (GAD) and increases the content of glutamate for GABA synthesis pathway during tomato fruit development, thereby affecting the GABA content. In summary, exogenous ALA applied at different parts of tomato plants regulates the metabolism of amino acids and enhances the biosynthesis of GABA, which promotes the nutrient quality of the fruit.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
ALA increased mature tomato single-fruit weight by 42.37%–76.24%.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- exogenous ALA application to different partse0
- Outcome
- single-fruit weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 42.37%–76.24%e0
- Setting
- greenhouse-growne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous ALA application to different parts of greenhouse-grown tomato plants substantially increased single-fruit weight by 42.37%–76.24%”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA increased soluble sugar content by 78.51%–94.52%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- exogenous ALA application to different partse0
- Outcome
- soluble sugar contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 78.51%–94.52%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous ALA application to different parts of greenhouse-grown tomato plants substantially increased single-fruit weight by 42.37%–76.24%, soluble sugar content by 78.51%–94.52%”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA increased soluble solids by 9.09%–41.71%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- exogenous ALA application to different partse0
- Outcome
- soluble solidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.09%–41.71%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous ALA application to different parts of greenhouse-grown tomato plants substantially increased single-fruit weight by 42.37%–76.24%, soluble sugar content by 78.51%–94.52%, soluble solids by 9.09%–41.71%”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA increased soluble protein by 82.71%–241.05%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- exogenous ALA application to different partse0
- Outcome
- soluble proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 82.71%–241.05%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous ALA application to different parts of greenhouse-grown tomato plants substantially increased single-fruit weight by 42.37%–76.24%, soluble sugar content by 78.51%–94.52%, soluble solids by 9.09%–41.71%, soluble protein by 82.71%–241.05%”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA increased ascorbic acid content by 1.31%–5.06%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- exogenous ALA application to different partse0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.31%–5.06%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous ALA application to different parts of greenhouse-grown tomato plants substantially increased single-fruit weight by 42.37%–76.24%, soluble sugar content by 78.51%–94.52%, soluble solids by 9.09%–41.71%, soluble protein by 82.71%–241.05%, and ascorbic acid content by 1.31%–5.06%”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA reduced fruit organic acid content by 12.81%–33.61%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Treatment
- Exogenous ALAt0
- Outcome
- organic acid contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 12.81%–33.61%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it reduced the organic acid content of the fruit by 12.81%–33.61%”
t0“Exogenous ALA applied on different plant parts promotes tomato fruit quality and GABA synthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA enhanced free amino acid content by 11.22%–16.50%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ALA applied at different parts of plantse0
- Outcome
- free amino acid contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 11.22%–16.50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ALA applied at different parts of plants substantially enhanced the free amino acid content by 11.22%–16.50%”
t0“tomato fruit quality”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA enhanced umami amino acid content by 7.26%–20.13%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ALA applied at different parts of plantse0
- Outcome
- umami amino acid contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 7.26%–20.13%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ALA applied at different parts of plants substantially enhanced the free amino acid content by 11.22%–16.50%, among them, umami amino acid content by 7.26%–20.13%”
t0“tomato fruit quality”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA increased GABA in mature tomato fruit by 214.58%–433.32 across application parts.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- mature tomato fruitse0
- Treatment
- Exogenous ALAt0
- Outcome
- GABA contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 214.58%–433.32e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA content in mature tomato fruits was increased by 214.58%–433.32 across the different application parts”
t0“Exogenous ALA applied on different plant parts promotes tomato fruit quality and GABA synthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA application at different sites regulated GAD activity during tomato fruit development.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- tomato fruite0
- Treatment
- Exogenous ALA application at different sitese0
- Gene
- glutamate acid decarboxylase (GAD)e0
- Outcome
- activity of glutamate acid decarboxylase (GAD)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous ALA application at different sites regulates the activity of glutamate acid decarboxylase (GAD) and increases the content of glutamate for GABA synthesis pathway during tomato fruit development”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA application at different sites increased glutamate content during tomato fruit development.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- tomato fruite0
- Treatment
- Exogenous ALA application at different sitese0
- Outcome
- content of glutamatee0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous ALA application at different sites regulates the activity of glutamate acid decarboxylase (GAD) and increases the content of glutamate for GABA synthesis pathway during tomato fruit development”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute higher GABA to ALA regulation of GAD activity and glutamate content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Gene
- glutamate acid decarboxylase (GAD)e0
- Outcome
- GABA contente0
- Qualifier
- content of glutamatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous ALA application at different sites regulates the activity of glutamate acid decarboxylase (GAD) and increases the content of glutamate for GABA synthesis pathway during tomato fruit development, thereby affecting the GABA content”
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climate site · molecular: metabolites · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.