Abstract
Sewage application is a cost-effective method for meeting the challenge of irrigation for water short regions. However, concern exists about the accumulation of salt from sewage effluent. Experiments were conducted for three years in a greenhouse to investigate the effects of water quality on salt accumulation in soil and on sap flow for drip irrigated tomato. The types of irrigation water used in the experiments included secondary sewage effluent, groundwater, and blend water that was obtained by mixing the secondary sewage effluent and the groundwater in equal volumes. The results demonstrated that drip irrigation using sewage effluent would increase the variance of soil salinity in the top soil layer. Irrigation throughout the growing season could produce a 44% increase of salt content from its initial values to values at harvest, and salt accumulation occurred mainly in the 30-45 cm depth of soil. Sewage application caused decreases of over 70% of observed sap flow values during the growing season. Especially during the late growing stage, the daily average sap flow for the sewage application was 24% less than that for the groundwater application treatment. Sewage application increased tomato yield and fruit quality parameters excluding ascorbic acid in both years. These results suggest that secondary sewage application using drip irrigation increase salt accumulation in the root zone, and depress crop transpiration to some extent, but not impose a negative influence on tomato yield and fruit quality.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Sewage effluent drip irrigation increased variance in topsoil salinity.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- drip irrigation using sewage effluente0
- Outcome
- variance of soil salinity in the top soil layere0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip irrigation using sewage effluent would increase the variance of soil salinity in the top soil layer.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation across the growing season increased soil salt content 44% from initial to harvest values.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Irrigation throughout the growing seasone0
- Outcome
- salt contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 44%e0
- Comparator
- initial valuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation throughout the growing season could produce a 44% increase of salt content from its initial values to values at harvest, and salt accumulation occurred mainly in the 30-45 cm depth of soil.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt accumulated mainly at 30-45 cm soil depth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- salt accumulatione0
- Value
- 30-45 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt accumulation occurred mainly in the 30-45 cm depth of soil.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Sewage application decreased observed sap flow by over 70% during the growing season.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Sewage applicatione0
- Outcome
- observed sap flow valuese0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Value
- over 70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sewage application caused decreases of over 70% of observed sap flow values during the growing season.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
During late growth, daily average sap flow with sewage application was 24% less than with groundwater.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- late growing stagee0
- Treatment
- sewage applicatione0
- Outcome
- daily average sap flowe0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 24%e0
- Comparator
- groundwater application treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Especially during the late growing stage, the daily average sap flow for the sewage application was 24% less than that for the groundwater application treatment.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Sewage application increased tomato yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Sewage applicatione0
- Outcome
- tomato yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sewage application increased tomato yield and fruit quality parameters excluding ascorbic acid in both years.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sewage application increased fruit quality parameters other than ascorbic acid.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Sewage applicatione0
- Outcome
- fruit quality parameterse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- excluding ascorbic acid in both yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sewage application increased tomato yield and fruit quality parameters excluding ascorbic acid in both years.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude sewage drip irrigation increases root-zone salt accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0t0
- Outcome
- salt accumulation in the root zonee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These results suggest that secondary sewage application using drip irrigation increase salt accumulation in the root zone, and depress crop transpiration to some extent, but not impose a negative influence on tomato yield and fruit quality.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude sewage drip irrigation depresses crop transpiration to some extent.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0t0
- Outcome
- crop transpiratione0
- Direction
- depresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These results suggest that secondary sewage application using drip irrigation increase salt accumulation in the root zone, and depress crop transpiration to some extent, but not impose a negative influence on tomato yield and fruit quality.”
t0“tomato”
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See all 51 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.