Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is one of the most significant plant pathogens globally, causing extensive damage to fruits and vegetables. Botrycides remain a widely used method of plant protection; however, the introduction of plant-beneficial bacteria offers a promising and agroecologically sustainable alternative. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of plant extracts and rhizobacteria in controlling diseases caused by B. cinerea in tomatoes. Neem (Azadirachta indica), garlic (Allium sativum), and turmeric (Curcuma longa) extracts were tested alongside rhizobacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Trichoderma harzianum). In vitro experiments showed that, at a 15% extract concentration, neem and garlic inhibited fungal growth by 78% and 72%, respectively, while B. subtilis suppressed mycelial growth by 62%. Synergistic treatments, particularly neem combined with B. subtilis, exhibited the highest inhibition zone (22 mm) and an 85% synergy effect. Greenhouse trials demonstrated that neem extract combined with B. subtilis significantly reduced disease severity, achieving a disease severity index (DSI) of 1.3 and a 75% disease reduction compared to controls, which had a DSI of 4.8. Neem extract and B. subtilis alone reduced disease by 52.1% and 58.3%, respectively. The combination of neem extract and B. subtilis proved more effective in managing grey mold, promoting healthier plants, and providing a potential chemical-free alternative to fungicides. Further field trials are recommended to develop scalable, eco-friendly solutions for sustainable tomato disease management.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro, neem extract at 15% concentration inhibited Botrytis cinerea fungal growth by 78%.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- neeme1
- Interactor
- B. cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- fungal growthe1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Value
- 78%e1
- Qualifier
- 15% extract concentratione1
- Setting
- In vitroe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“controlling diseases caused by B. cinerea in tomatoes”
e1“at a 15% extract concentration, neem and garlic inhibited fungal growth by 78% and 72%, respectively”
e3“In vitro experiments showed that”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro, garlic extract at 15% concentration inhibited Botrytis cinerea fungal growth by 72%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- garlice1
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- fungal growthe1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Value
- 72%e1
- Qualifier
- 15% extract concentratione1
- Setting
- In vitroe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“controlling diseases caused by B. cinerea in tomatoes”
e1“at a 15% extract concentration, neem and garlic inhibited fungal growth by 78% and 72%, respectively”
e3“In vitro experiments showed that”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro, Bacillus subtilis suppressed Botrytis cinerea mycelial growth by 62%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- B. subtilise2
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. subtilis
Bacillus subtilise2biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- mycelial growthe2
- Direction
- suppressede2
- Value
- 62%e2
- Setting
- In vitroe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“controlling diseases caused by B. cinerea in tomatoes”
e2“while B. subtilis suppressed mycelial growth by 62%”
e3“In vitro experiments showed that”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem combined with B. subtilis gave the highest inhibition zone, 22 mm, against Botrytis cinerea.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- neem combined with B. subtilise3
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- inhibition zonee3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 22 mme3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“controlling diseases caused by B. cinerea in tomatoes”
e3“Synergistic treatments, particularly neem combined with B. subtilis, exhibited the highest inhibition zone (22 mm) and an 85% synergy effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem combined with B. subtilis produced a synergy effect of 85% against Botrytis cinerea.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- neem combined with B. subtilise3
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- synergy effecte3
- Direction
- increaseinferrede3
- Value
- 85%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“controlling diseases caused by B. cinerea in tomatoes”
e3“Synergistic treatments, particularly neem combined with B. subtilis, exhibited the highest inhibition zone (22 mm) and an 85% synergy effect”
Claim · model-written summary
In the greenhouse, neem combined with B. subtilis reduced tomato disease severity to a DSI of 1.3, against 4.8 in controls.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- neem extract combined with B. subtilise4
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease severitye4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- a disease severity index (DSI) of 1.3e4
- Comparator
- controlse4
- Setting
- Greenhouse trialse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“controlling diseases caused by B. cinerea in tomatoes”
e4“Greenhouse trials demonstrated that neem extract combined with B. subtilis significantly reduced disease severity, achieving a disease severity index (DSI) of 1.3 and a 75% disease reduction compared to controls, which had a DSI of 4.8”
Claim · model-written summary
In the greenhouse, neem combined with B. subtilis reduced disease by 75% compared with controls.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- neem extract combined with B. subtilise4
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease reductione4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 75%e4
- Comparator
- controlse4
- Setting
- Greenhouse trialse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“controlling diseases caused by B. cinerea in tomatoes”
e4“Greenhouse trials demonstrated that neem extract combined with B. subtilis significantly reduced disease severity, achieving a disease severity index (DSI) of 1.3 and a 75% disease reduction compared to controls, which had a DSI of 4.8”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem extract alone reduced tomato grey mould by 52.1%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Neem extracte5
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- diseasee5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 52.1%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“controlling diseases caused by B. cinerea in tomatoes”
e5“Neem extract and B. subtilis alone reduced disease by 52.1% and 58.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis alone reduced tomato grey mould by 58.3%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis alonee5
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise5biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- diseasee5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 58.3%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“controlling diseases caused by B. cinerea in tomatoes”
e5“Neem extract and B. subtilis alone reduced disease by 52.1% and 58.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of neem extract and B. subtilis was more effective than either agent alone in managing grey mould.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- The combination of neem extract and B. subtilise6
- Outcome
- managing grey molde6
- Direction
- more effectivee6
- Comparator
- Neem extract and B. subtilis alonee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“controlling diseases caused by B. cinerea in tomatoes”
e5“Neem extract and B. subtilis alone reduced disease by 52.1% and 58.3%, respectively”
e6“The combination of neem extract and B. subtilis proved more effective in managing grey mold”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend further field trials to develop scalable, eco-friendly tomato disease management.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume7
- Outcome
- Further field trialse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Further field trials are recommended to develop scalable, eco-friendly solutions for sustainable tomato disease management”
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