Abstract
Spring wheat was grown on a loess-derived Luvisol under the conditions of two farming systems (conventional and organic) and five forecrops (sugar beet, spring barley, red clover, winter wheat, and oat) over the period 2021–2023. In the conventional system, mineral NPK fertilization and pesticides (herbicides, fungicide, insecticide, and retardant) were applied at the recommended rates for wheat. Mechanical weed control was also used (double harrowing). In the organic system, the organic fertilizer Humac Agro was applied and the fields under the wheat were harrowed twice. No plant protection products were used under organic farming conditions. The organic system was proven to have an effect on reducing spring wheat yield, on average by 23%, compared to the conventional system (the grain yield was, respectively, 4.59 t ha−1 compared to 5.96 t ha−1). In spite of the lower yield potential, the organic cultivation of spring wheat significantly improved the quality and health-promoting parameters of this cereal grain. Except for the total nitrogen and potassium content, the organic system contributed to a significant increase in the grain content of total dietary fiber (by 0.89 p.p.), o-dihydroxyphenols (by about 19%), and polyphenols (by about 12%), and increased the content of the following elements: Se, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn. Among the forecrops, red clover and sugar beet had the most beneficial effect on grain quality (including the amino acid composition and EAAI index), followed by oat (especially under organic farming conditions). The other wheat forecrops (spring barley and winter wheat) clearly deteriorated the yield and quality of spring wheat grain. To sum up the obtained research results, appropriate management of organic spring wheat cultivation (forecrop sugar beet or red clover, Humac Agro fertilizer) contributes to high grain nutritional quality relative to the conventional system and also reduces the yield gap relative to conventional farming.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Organic cultivation reduced spring wheat yield by 23% versus conventional cultivation.
- Taxon
- spring wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- organic systeme0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 23%e0
- Comparator
- conventional systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The organic system was proven to have an effect on reducing spring wheat yield, on average by 23%, compared to the conventional system (the grain yield was, respectively, 4.59 t ha−1 compared to 5.96 t ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic cultivation significantly increased total dietary fiber in grain by 0.89 percentage points.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- organic systeme0
- Outcome
- grain content of total dietary fibere0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 0.89 p.p.e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the organic system contributed to a significant increase in the grain content of total dietary fiber (by 0.89 p.p.)”
e1“organic cultivation of spring wheat significantly improved the quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic cultivation significantly increased grain o-dihydroxyphenols by about 19%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- organic systeme1
- Outcome
- o-dihydroxyphenolse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- about 19%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant increase in the grain content of total dietary fiber (by 0.89 p.p.), o-dihydroxyphenols (by about 19%)”
e1“the organic system contributed to a significant increase”
e2“organic cultivation of spring wheat significantly improved the quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic cultivation significantly increased grain polyphenols by about 12%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- organic systeme1
- Outcome
- polyphenolse0
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- about 12%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“o-dihydroxyphenols (by about 19%), and polyphenols (by about 12%)”
e1“the organic system contributed to a significant increase”
e2“organic cultivation of spring wheat significantly improved the quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic cultivation increased grain Se, Mg, and Ca content.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- organic systeme0
- Outcome
- Se, Mg, Cae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the organic system contributed to a significant increase in the grain content of total dietary fiber (by 0.89 p.p.), o-dihydroxyphenols (by about 19%), and polyphenols (by about 12%), and increased the content of the following elements: Se, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn”
e1“organic cultivation of spring wheat significantly improved the quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic cultivation increased grain Cu, Mn, and Fe content.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- organic systeme0
- Outcome
- Cu, Mn, Fee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the organic system contributed to a significant increase in the grain content of total dietary fiber (by 0.89 p.p.), o-dihydroxyphenols (by about 19%), and polyphenols (by about 12%), and increased the content of the following elements: Se, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn”
e1“organic cultivation of spring wheat significantly improved the quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic cultivation increased grain Zn content.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- organic systeme0
- Outcome
- Zne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the organic system contributed to a significant increase in the grain content of total dietary fiber (by 0.89 p.p.), o-dihydroxyphenols (by about 19%), and polyphenols (by about 12%), and increased the content of the following elements: Se, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn”
e1“organic cultivation of spring wheat significantly improved the quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Red clover as forecrop had the most beneficial effect on grain quality.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- red clovere0
- Outcome
- grain qualitye0
- Direction
- most beneficiale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among the forecrops, red clover and sugar beet had the most beneficial effect on grain quality (including the amino acid composition and EAAI index)”
e1“Spring wheat was grown”
Claim · model-written summary
Sugar beet as forecrop had the most beneficial effect on grain quality.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- sugar beete0
- Outcome
- grain qualitye0
- Direction
- most beneficiale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among the forecrops, red clover and sugar beet had the most beneficial effect on grain quality (including the amino acid composition and EAAI index)”
e1“Spring wheat was grown”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring barley as forecrop deteriorated spring wheat yield and quality.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- spring barleye0
- Outcome
- yield and qualitye0
- Direction
- deterioratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The other wheat forecrops (spring barley and winter wheat) clearly deteriorated the yield and quality of spring wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat as forecrop deteriorated spring wheat yield and quality.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- winter wheate0
- Outcome
- yield and qualitye0
- Direction
- deterioratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The other wheat forecrops (spring barley and winter wheat) clearly deteriorated the yield and quality of spring wheat grain”
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