Abstract
This study assessed the effect of germination on bioactive compounds in fresh and one-year-old seeds of pigmented and non-pigmented rice varieties. Rice varieties had similar changes in bioactive compounds during germination. GABA and several phenolic acids increased 11.7 to 18.5 folds and 0.7 to 4.2 folds, respectively in germinating seeds. The vitamin E compounds, γ-tocotrienol and α-tocopherol increased by 23 to 35 % only in soaked seeds, but declined after seed germination. In the germinating seeds, higher levels of phenolic acids (e.g., protocatechuic acid, 0.5-fold higher) and some compounds of vitamin E (e.g., γ-tocotrienol, 0.4-fold higher) were observed in the pigmented rice compared to the non-pigmented line, in accordance with antioxidant activity. Additionally, one-year-old seeds exhibited the same increases in bioactive compounds as the fresh seeds. We conclude that the seeds of the pigmented variety have the potential as a raw material for germination in the rice industry. • Germinated seeds are rich in GABA and phenolic acids. • Germination process did not increase vitamin E or flavonoid content. • Pigmented and non-pigmented rice exhibited the same changes in bioactive compounds. • Fresh and year-old seeds showed the same pattern of change in bioactive compounds.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
GABA increased 11.7 to 18.5 folds in germinating rice seeds.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- germinating seedse1
- Outcome
- GABAe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 11.7 to 18.5 foldse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigmented and non-pigmented rice varieties”
e1“GABA and several phenolic acids increased 11.7 to 18.5 folds and 0.7 to 4.2 folds, respectively in germinating seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Several phenolic acids increased 0.7 to 4.2 folds in germinating rice seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- germinating seedse1
- Outcome
- phenolic acidse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 0.7 to 4.2 foldse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigmented and non-pigmented rice varieties”
e1“GABA and several phenolic acids increased 11.7 to 18.5 folds and 0.7 to 4.2 folds, respectively in germinating seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Vitamin E compounds gamma-tocotrienol and alpha-tocopherol increased by 23 to 35 % only in soaked seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- soaked seedse1
- Outcome
- vitamin E compoundse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 23 to 35 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigmented and non-pigmented rice varieties”
e1“The vitamin E compounds, γ-tocotrienol and α-tocopherol increased by 23 to 35 % only in soaked seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Gamma-tocotrienol and alpha-tocopherol declined after seed germination.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- seed germinatione1
- Outcome
- vitamin E compoundse2
- Direction
- declinede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigmented and non-pigmented rice varieties”
e1“but declined after seed germination”
e2“The vitamin E compounds, γ-tocotrienol and α-tocopherol”
Claim · model-written summary
In germinating seeds, phenolic acids (e.g., protocatechuic acid) were 0.5-fold higher in pigmented rice than in the non-pigmented line.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- pigmented ricee1
- Outcome
- phenolic acidse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 0.5-fold highere1
- Comparator
- non-pigmented linee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigmented and non-pigmented rice varieties”
e1“higher levels of phenolic acids (e.g., protocatechuic acid, 0.5-fold higher) and some compounds of vitamin E (e.g., γ-tocotrienol, 0.4-fold higher) were observed in the pigmented rice compared to the non-pigmented line”
Claim · model-written summary
In germinating seeds, some vitamin E compounds (e.g., gamma-tocotrienol) were 0.4-fold higher in pigmented rice than in the non-pigmented line.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- pigmented ricee1
- Outcome
- compounds of vitamin Ee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 0.4-fold highere1
- Comparator
- non-pigmented linee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigmented and non-pigmented rice varieties”
e1“higher levels of phenolic acids (e.g., protocatechuic acid, 0.5-fold higher) and some compounds of vitamin E (e.g., γ-tocotrienol, 0.4-fold higher) were observed in the pigmented rice compared to the non-pigmented line”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination did not increase flavonoid content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Germination processe1
- Outcome
- flavonoid contente1
- Direction
- did not increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigmented and non-pigmented rice varieties”
e1“Germination process did not increase vitamin E or flavonoid content”
Claim · model-written summary
Pigmented and non-pigmented rice varieties exhibited similar changes in bioactive compounds during germination.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- germinatione1
- Outcome
- similar changes in bioactive compoundse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigmented and non-pigmented rice varieties”
e1“Rice varieties had similar changes in bioactive compounds during germination”
Claim · model-written summary
One-year-old seeds exhibited the same increases in bioactive compounds as fresh seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- one-year-old seedse1
- Outcome
- same increases in bioactive compoundse1
- Comparator
- fresh seedse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigmented and non-pigmented rice varieties”
e1“one-year-old seeds exhibited the same increases in bioactive compounds as the fresh seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that seeds of the pigmented variety have potential as a raw material for germination in the rice industry.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- raw material for germination in the rice industrye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pigmented and non-pigmented rice varieties”
e1“the seeds of the pigmented variety have the potential as a raw material for germination in the rice industry”
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