Abstract
Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is a major staple crop, and germination is increasingly employed to improve its nutritional and functional quality. However, comparative evidence describing cultivar-dependent biochemical responses under standardized germination conditions remains limited. This study comparatively evaluated physicochemical, nutritional, and bioactive changes in eight rice cultivars: Glutinous Rice 6 (RD6), Red Dok Mali (RDML), Khao Dok Mali 105 (KDML105), Upland, Loi (floating rice), Sanpatong, Yellow 11, and Inpaeng. An optimized protocol involving soaking until the grains reached 40 ± 2% moisture content (wet basis), followed by 48 h of germination, achieved high germination efficiency (>98%) while maintaining grain quality and structural integrity. Germination significantly increased α-amylase activity, reducing sugars, crude protein, free amino acids, and total phenolic content (TPC). Protein enrichment was accompanied by increases in essential and non-essential amino acids, particularly branched-chain amino acids, alanine, glycine, and proline, whereas glutamic acid decreased consistently across cultivars. B-group vitamins (B1, B2, B3, and B6) were elevated after germination. Lipophilic antioxidants increased in most cultivars, with α-tocopherol ranging from 82.4 to 207.3 μg/100 g and γ-oryzanol from 68.3 to 149.4 mg/100 g. TPC (658.9–1,057.1 mg GAE/100 g) and antioxidant capacity improved primarily in non-pigmented cultivars, whereas the pigmented RDML showed limited phenolic enhancement, likely due to soaking-related leaching. Overall, the results demonstrate that nutritional and antioxidant improvements induced by germination are strongly cultivar-dependent , highlighting the importance of cultivar selection and standardized processing conditions for developing value-added germinated rice products.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
The soaking and 48 h germination protocol achieved over 98% germination while preserving rice grain integrity.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- soaking until the grains reached 40 ± 2% moisture content (wet basis), followed by 48 h of germinatione0
- Outcome
- germination efficiencye0
- Value
- >98%e0
- Qualifier
- maintaining grain quality and structural integritye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An optimized protocol involving soaking until the grains reached 40 ± 2% moisture content (wet basis), followed by 48 h of germination, achieved high germination efficiency (>98%) while maintaining grain quality and structural integrity”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination increased α-amylase activity, reducing sugars and crude protein in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Germinatione0
- Outcome
- α-amylase activity, reducing sugars, crude proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination significantly increased α-amylase activity, reducing sugars, crude protein, free amino acids, and total phenolic content (TPC)”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination increased free amino acids and total phenolic content in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Germinatione0
- Outcome
- free amino acids, and total phenolic content (TPC)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination significantly increased α-amylase activity, reducing sugars, crude protein, free amino acids, and total phenolic content (TPC)”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination increased branched-chain amino acids, alanine and glycine in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- germinatione1
- Outcome
- branched-chain amino acids, alanine, glycinee0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protein enrichment was accompanied by increases in essential and non-essential amino acids, particularly branched-chain amino acids, alanine, glycine, and proline, whereas glutamic acid decreased consistently across cultivars”
t0“rice”
e1“An optimized protocol involving soaking until the grains reached 40 ± 2% moisture content (wet basis), followed by 48 h of germination, achieved high germination efficiency (>98%) while maintaining grain quality and structural integrity”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination increased proline in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- germinatione1
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protein enrichment was accompanied by increases in essential and non-essential amino acids, particularly branched-chain amino acids, alanine, glycine, and proline, whereas glutamic acid decreased consistently across cultivars”
t0“rice”
e1“An optimized protocol involving soaking until the grains reached 40 ± 2% moisture content (wet basis), followed by 48 h of germination, achieved high germination efficiency (>98%) while maintaining grain quality and structural integrity”
Claim · model-written summary
Glutamic acid decreased across rice cultivars during germination.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- glutamic acide0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glutamic acid decreased consistently across cultivars”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
B-group vitamins increased after rice germination.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- germinatione0
- Outcome
- B-group vitamins (B1, B2, B3, and B6)e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B-group vitamins (B1, B2, B3, and B6) were elevated after germination”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
α-tocopherol increased in most rice cultivars and ranged from 82.4 to 207.3 μg/100 g.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- α-tocopherole0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 82.4 to 207.3 μg/100 ge0
- Qualifier
- most cultivarse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lipophilic antioxidants increased in most cultivars, with α-tocopherol ranging from 82.4 to 207.3 μg/100 g and γ-oryzanol from 68.3 to 149.4 mg/100 g”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
γ-oryzanol increased in most rice cultivars and ranged from 68.3 to 149.4 mg/100 g.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- γ-oryzanole0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 68.3 to 149.4 mg/100 ge0
- Qualifier
- most cultivarse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lipophilic antioxidants increased in most cultivars, with α-tocopherol ranging from 82.4 to 207.3 μg/100 g and γ-oryzanol from 68.3 to 149.4 mg/100 g”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolic content improved mainly in non-pigmented rice cultivars and ranged from 658.9 to 1,057.1 mg GAE/100 g.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- non-pigmented cultivarse0
- Outcome
- TPCe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 658.9–1,057.1 mg GAE/100 ge0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TPC (658.9–1,057.1 mg GAE/100 g) and antioxidant capacity improved primarily in non-pigmented cultivars”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant capacity improved mainly in non-pigmented rice cultivars.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- non-pigmented cultivarse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TPC (658.9–1,057.1 mg GAE/100 g) and antioxidant capacity improved primarily in non-pigmented cultivars”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Pigmented RDML rice showed limited phenolic enhancement, possibly due to soaking-related leaching.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- RDMLe0
- Outcome
- limited phenolic enhancemente0
- Qualifier
- soaking-related leachinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pigmented RDML showed limited phenolic enhancement, likely due to soaking-related leaching”
t0“rice”
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