Abstract
Problem statement: Germinated rice has been recognized as a functional food and its health benefits. However, most related studies were on germinated brown rice but our previous study indicated that germination of rough rice was an effective method to obtain high concentrations of bioactive compounds. Germination time is one of the most important factors affecting the level of biochemical compositions and antioxidant activity. Approach: Rough rice seeds were soaked in water for 2 days and germinated for four different days (1-4 days). Total phenolic compounds, phytic acid, -tocopherol, tocopherol, -tocotrienol and -oryzanol were investigated compared with those of ungerminated brown rice. The antioxidant activity of germinated rice was evaluated through four different methods, the 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation assay and linoleic acid emulsion system-thiocyanate method. Results: The results showed that the germination for 2 days or longer, after soaking, yielded significantly higher level of total phenolic, -tocopherol, -tocopherol, -tocotrienol and -oryzanol than those of ungerminated brown rice and soaked rice, whilst the concentration of phytic acid was reduced significantly when germination time was increased. The samples germinated for one day or longer also revealed greater antioxidant activity than those of ungerminated rice. Conclusion: The level of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of germinated rough rice were affected by germination time. Germination for 2 and 3 days was the optimum time for germination rough rice to obtain high concentration of bioactive compounds and high antioxidant activity. The germination process of rough rice could be a potential method to obtain functional germinated rice flour with high bioactive compounds and health beneficial properties and could be applied to produce functional food products.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Germination for 2 days or longer after soaking yielded significantly higher total phenolic, and two tocopherol levels than ungerminated brown rice and soaked rice.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- germination for 2 days or longere0
- Outcome
- total phenolic, -tocopherol, -tocopherole0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- ungerminated brown rice and soaked ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
e0“the germination for 2 days or longer, after soaking, yielded significantly higher level of total phenolic, -tocopherol, -tocopherol, -tocotrienol and -oryzanol than those of ungerminated brown rice and soaked rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination for 2 days or longer after soaking yielded significantly higher tocotrienol and oryzanol levels than ungerminated brown rice and soaked rice.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- germination for 2 days or longere0
- Outcome
- -tocotrienol and -oryzanole0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- ungerminated brown rice and soaked ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
e0“the germination for 2 days or longer, after soaking, yielded significantly higher level of total phenolic, -tocopherol, -tocopherol, -tocotrienol and -oryzanol than those of ungerminated brown rice and soaked rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The concentration of phytic acid was significantly reduced as germination time increased.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- germination timee0
- Outcome
- concentration of phytic acide0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
e0“the concentration of phytic acid was reduced significantly when germination time was increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Samples germinated for one day or longer showed greater antioxidant activity than ungerminated rice.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- germinated for one day or longere0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- ungerminated ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
e0“The samples germinated for one day or longer also revealed greater antioxidant activity than those of ungerminated rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination for 2 and 3 days was the optimum time to obtain high concentrations of bioactive compounds and high antioxidant activity in rough rice.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Outcome
- optimum time for germinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
e0“Germination for 2 and 3 days was the optimum time for germination rough rice to obtain high concentration of bioactive compounds and high antioxidant activity”
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