Abstract
The growth of root system directly affects the absorption and utilization of soil water and nitrogen, and understanding the responses of root characteristics to water and nitrogen regimes is thus crucial for optimizing water and nitrogen management. The root characteristics of each soil layer, i.e., root length, root surface area, and root volume, as well as fruit yield and water use efficiency of greenhouse tomato under drip fertigation in response to different irrigation levels and nitrogen rates were explored in northwest China. There were four irrigation levels, i.e., 50% ETC (W1), 75% ETC (W2), 100% ETC (W3), and 125% ETC (W4), where ETC is the crop evapotranspiration, and four nitrogen rates, i.e., 0 kg ha−1 (N1), 150 kg ha−1 (N2), 250 kg ha−1 (N3), and 350 kg ha−1 (N4). The results showed that reasonable irrigation and nitrogen regimes (W3N3) significantly increased fruit yield by 31.64% and root length, root surface area, and root volume by 45.03%, 61.24%, and 148.21% compare to W3N1, respectively. The promoting effect of increasing irrigation level on root characteristics increased with soil depth and had the greatest increases in root volume by 27.07%, 123.43%, and 211.47% for the 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm soil layers, respectively. In addition, reducing irrigation level significantly increased the percentages of roots in the top soil by 29.71%, 26.77%, and 18.53% for root length, root surface area, and root volume, respectively. The reasonable nitrogen rate (N3) significantly increased fruit yield by 41.11%, water use efficiency by 34.42%, and root length, root surface area, and root volume by 40.42%, 41.44%, and 112.76%, respectively. The over-application of nitrogen (N4) reduced root characteristics of all soil layers, fruit yield, and water use efficiency. The promoting effect of increasing nitrogen rate on root length of each soil layer decreased with soil depth, by 71.01%, 48.96%, and 15.71% for 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm soil layers, respectively. Irrigation level was the main factor dominating the root growth of each soil layer. The correlation analysis showed that fruit yield had significantly positive correlations with root characteristics in all soil layers, while water use efficiency had significantly positive correlations with the percentages of root length and root surface area in the 0–10 cm soil layer. In conclusion, rational water and nitrogen regimes achieved better fruit yield by promoting root growth of greenhouse tomato, and the water use efficiency of greenhouse tomato was improved by increasing the root percentage in the topsoil layer to alleviate the adverse effects under water stress conditions. This study reveals how irrigation volume and nitrogen application can enhance tomato yield and water use efficiency by regulating root characteristics and vertical root distribution, providing support for understanding the response of root systems to changes in soil water and nitrogen conditions.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
W3N3 increased fruit yield 31.64% versus W3N1.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- W3N3e1
- Outcome
- fruit yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 31.64%e1
- Comparator
- W3N1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“reasonable irrigation and nitrogen regimes (W3N3) significantly increased fruit yield by 31.64% and root length, root surface area, and root volume by 45.03%, 61.24%, and 148.21% compare to W3N1”
Claim · model-written summary
W3N3 increased root length 45.03% versus W3N1.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W3N3e1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 45.03%e1
- Comparator
- W3N1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“reasonable irrigation and nitrogen regimes (W3N3) significantly increased fruit yield by 31.64% and root length, root surface area, and root volume by 45.03%, 61.24%, and 148.21% compare to W3N1”
Claim · model-written summary
W3N3 increased root surface area 61.24% versus W3N1.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W3N3e1
- Outcome
- root surface areae1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 61.24%e1
- Comparator
- W3N1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“reasonable irrigation and nitrogen regimes (W3N3) significantly increased fruit yield by 31.64% and root length, root surface area, and root volume by 45.03%, 61.24%, and 148.21% compare to W3N1”
Claim · model-written summary
W3N3 increased root volume 148.21% versus W3N1.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W3N3e1
- Outcome
- root volumee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 148.21%e1
- Comparator
- W3N1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“reasonable irrigation and nitrogen regimes (W3N3) significantly increased fruit yield by 31.64% and root length, root surface area, and root volume by 45.03%, 61.24%, and 148.21% compare to W3N1”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation increased root volume 27.07% in the 0–10 cm layer.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigation levele1
- Outcome
- root volumee1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Value
- 27.07%e1
- Qualifier
- 0–10e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“increasing irrigation level on root characteristics increased with soil depth and had the greatest increases in root volume by 27.07%, 123.43%, and 211.47% for the 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm soil layers”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation increased root volume 123.43% in the 10–20 cm layer.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigation levele1
- Outcome
- root volumee1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Value
- 123.43%e1
- Qualifier
- 10–20e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“increasing irrigation level on root characteristics increased with soil depth and had the greatest increases in root volume by 27.07%, 123.43%, and 211.47% for the 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm soil layers”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation increased root volume 211.47% in the 20–30 cm layer.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigation levele1
- Outcome
- root volumee1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Value
- 211.47%e1
- Qualifier
- 20–30 cme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“increasing irrigation level on root characteristics increased with soil depth and had the greatest increases in root volume by 27.07%, 123.43%, and 211.47% for the 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm soil layers”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced irrigation increased topsoil root length percentage 29.71%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- reducing irrigation levele1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 29.71%e1
- Qualifier
- top soile1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“reducing irrigation level significantly increased the percentages of roots in the top soil by 29.71%, 26.77%, and 18.53% for root length, root surface area, and root volume”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced irrigation increased topsoil root surface area percentage 26.77%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- reducing irrigation levele1
- Outcome
- root surface areae1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 26.77%e1
- Qualifier
- top soile1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“reducing irrigation level significantly increased the percentages of roots in the top soil by 29.71%, 26.77%, and 18.53% for root length, root surface area, and root volume”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced irrigation increased topsoil root volume percentage 18.53%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- reducing irrigation levele1
- Outcome
- root volumee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 18.53%e1
- Qualifier
- top soile1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“reducing irrigation level significantly increased the percentages of roots in the top soil by 29.71%, 26.77%, and 18.53% for root length, root surface area, and root volume”
Claim · model-written summary
N3 increased fruit yield 41.11%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen rate (N3)e1
- Outcome
- fruit yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 41.11%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“nitrogen rate (N3) significantly increased fruit yield by 41.11%, water use efficiency by 34.42%, and root length, root surface area, and root volume by 40.42%, 41.44%, and 112.76%”
Claim · model-written summary
N3 increased water use efficiency 34.42%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen rate (N3)e1
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 34.42%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“nitrogen rate (N3) significantly increased fruit yield by 41.11%, water use efficiency by 34.42%, and root length, root surface area, and root volume by 40.42%, 41.44%, and 112.76%”
Claim · model-written summary
N3 increased root length 40.42%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen rate (N3)e1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 40.42%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“nitrogen rate (N3) significantly increased fruit yield by 41.11%, water use efficiency by 34.42%, and root length, root surface area, and root volume by 40.42%, 41.44%, and 112.76%”
Claim · model-written summary
N3 increased root surface area 41.44%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen rate (N3)e1
- Outcome
- root surface areae1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 41.44%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“nitrogen rate (N3) significantly increased fruit yield by 41.11%, water use efficiency by 34.42%, and root length, root surface area, and root volume by 40.42%, 41.44%, and 112.76%”
Claim · model-written summary
N3 increased root volume 112.76%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen rate (N3)e1
- Outcome
- root volumee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 112.76%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“nitrogen rate (N3) significantly increased fruit yield by 41.11%, water use efficiency by 34.42%, and root length, root surface area, and root volume by 40.42%, 41.44%, and 112.76%”
Claim · model-written summary
N4 reduced root characteristics, fruit yield and water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- over-application of nitrogen (N4)e1
- Outcome
- root characteristics of all soil layers, fruit yield, and water use efficiencye1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“over-application of nitrogen (N4) reduced root characteristics of all soil layers, fruit yield, and water use efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen increased root length 71.01% in the 0–10 cm layer.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen ratee1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 71.01%e1
- Qualifier
- 0–10e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“increasing nitrogen rate on root length of each soil layer decreased with soil depth, by 71.01%, 48.96%, and 15.71% for 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm soil layers”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen increased root length 48.96% in the 10–20 cm layer.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen ratee1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 48.96%e1
- Qualifier
- 10–20e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“increasing nitrogen rate on root length of each soil layer decreased with soil depth, by 71.01%, 48.96%, and 15.71% for 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm soil layers”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen increased root length 15.71% in the 20–30 cm layer.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen ratee1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 15.71%e1
- Qualifier
- 20–30 cme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“increasing nitrogen rate on root length of each soil layer decreased with soil depth, by 71.01%, 48.96%, and 15.71% for 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm soil layers”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit yield correlated positively with root characteristics across all layers, and water use efficiency correlated positively with topsoil root length and area percentages.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- roote1
- Outcome
- fruit yielde1
- Direction
- positivee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“fruit yield had significantly positive correlations with root characteristics in all soil layers, while water use efficiency had significantly positive correlations with the percentages of root length and root surface area in the 0–10 cm soil layer”
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