Abstract
Effective nutrient and irrigation management practices are critical for optimum growth and yield in open-field fresh-market tomato production. Although nutrient and irrigation management practices have been well-studied for tomato production in Florida, more studies of the current highly efficient production systems would be considered essential. Therefore, a two-season (Fall 2016 and Spring 2017) study was conducted in Immokalee, FL, to evaluate the effects of the nitrogen (N) rates under different irrigation regimes and to determine the optimum N requirement for open-field fresh-market tomato production. To evaluate productivity, the study investigated the effects of N rates and irrigation regimes on plant and root growth, yield, and production efficiency of fresh-market tomato. The study demonstrated that deficit irrigation (DI) targeting 66% daily evapotranspiration (ET) replacement significantly increased tomato root growth compared with full irrigation (FI) at 100% ET. Similarly, DI application increased tomato growth early in the season compared with FI. Therefore, irrigation applications may be adjusted downward from FI, especially early during a wet season, thereby potentially improving irrigation water use efficiency (iWUE) and reducing leaching potential of Florida sandy soils. However, total marketable yield significantly increased under FI compared with DI. This suggests that although DI may increase early plant growth, the application of DI throughout the season may result in yield reduction. Although N application rates had no significant effects on biomass production, tomato marketable yield with an application rate of 134 kg·ha −1 N was significantly lower compared with other N application rates (179, 224, and 269 kg·ha −1 ). It was also observed that there were no significant yield benefits with N application rates higher than 179 kg·ha −1 . During the fall, iWUE was higher under DI (33.57 kg·m −3 ) than under FI (25.57 kg·m −3 ); however, iWUE was similar for both irrigation treatments during spring (FI = 14.04 kg·m −3 ; DI = 15.29 kg·m −3 ). The N recovery (REC-N) rate was highest with 134 kg·ha −1 N; however, REC-N was similar with 179, 224, and 269 kg·ha −1 N rates during both fall and spring. Therefore, these study results could suggest that DI could be beneficial to tomato production only when applied during early growth stages, but not throughout the growing season. Both yield and efficiency results indicated that the optimum N requirement for open-field fresh-market tomato production in Florida may not exceed 179 kg·ha −1 N.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation significantly increased tomato root growth relative to full irrigation.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- deficit irrigation (DI) targeting 66% daily evapotranspiration (ET) replacemente0
- Outcome
- tomato root growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- full irrigation (FI) at 100% ETe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deficit irrigation (DI) targeting 66% daily evapotranspiration (ET) replacement significantly increased tomato root growth compared with full irrigation (FI) at 100% ET”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation increased tomato growth early in the season relative to full irrigation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- DI applicatione0
- Outcome
- tomato growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- early in the seasone0
- Comparator
- FIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DI application increased tomato growth early in the season compared with FI”
Claim · model-written summary
Full irrigation significantly increased total marketable yield relative to deficit irrigation.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- FIe0
- Outcome
- total marketable yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- DIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total marketable yield significantly increased under FI compared with DI”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application rate had no significant effect on tomato biomass production.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- N application ratese0
- Outcome
- biomass productione0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N application rates had no significant effects on biomass production”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato marketable yield at 134 kg·ha −1 N was significantly lower than at 179, 224 and 269 kg·ha −1.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 134 kg·ha −1 Ne0
- Outcome
- tomato marketable yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- 179, 224, and 269 kg·ha −1e0
- Comparator
- other N application ratese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato marketable yield with an application rate of 134 kg·ha −1 N was significantly lower compared with other N application rates (179, 224, and 269 kg·ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen rates above 179 kg·ha −1 brought no significant yield benefit.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- N application rates higher than 179 kg·ha −1e0
- Outcome
- yield benefitse0
- Direction
- no significante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there were no significant yield benefits with N application rates higher than 179 kg·ha −1”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall irrigation water use efficiency was higher under deficit irrigation than full irrigation.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- DIe0
- Outcome
- iWUEe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 33.57 kg·m −3e0
- Qualifier
- 25.57 kg·m −3e0
- Comparator
- FIe0
- Setting
- falle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the fall, iWUE was higher under DI (33.57 kg·m −3 ) than under FI (25.57 kg·m −3 )”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring irrigation water use efficiency was similar under both irrigation treatments.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- DIe0
- Outcome
- iWUEe0
- Direction
- similare0
- Value
- 15.29 kg·m −3e0
- Qualifier
- 14.04 kg·m −3e0
- Comparator
- FIe0
- Setting
- springe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“iWUE was similar for both irrigation treatments during spring (FI = 14.04 kg·m −3 ; DI = 15.29 kg·m −3 )”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen recovery was highest at 134 kg·ha −1 N.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 134 kg·ha −1 Ne0
- Outcome
- N recovery (REC-N) ratee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The N recovery (REC-N) rate was highest with 134 kg·ha −1 N”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen recovery was similar across 179, 224 and 269 kg·ha −1 N in fall and spring.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- REC-Ne0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- during both fall and springe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“REC-N was similar with 179, 224, and 269 kg·ha −1 N rates during both fall and spring”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend deficit irrigation only during early tomato growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- DI could be beneficial to tomato production only when applied during early growth stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DI could be beneficial to tomato production only when applied during early growth stages, but not throughout the growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors estimate optimum nitrogen requirement for Florida fresh-market tomato at no more than 179 kg·ha −1 N.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- optimum N requiremente0
- Value
- 179 kg·ha −1 Ne0
- Setting
- Floridae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the optimum N requirement for open-field fresh-market tomato production in Florida may not exceed 179 kg·ha −1 N”
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