Abstract
In alkaline calcareous soils, ammonia volatilization is the primary nitrogen (N) loss process, resulting in the reduced N use efficiency of crops. This study aimed at assessing the impact of different N sources for top dressing on ammonia volatilization, as well as their effects on wheat growth and yield over two years. In each year, half of the recommended N was applied as a basal dose using diammonium phosphate (DAP) and urea. The remaining half was top‐dressed 35 days after sowing with various sources: prilled urea (PU), granular urea (GU), ammonium sulfate (AS), and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) in the first year; PU, urea coated with a urease inhibitor from 20 g (VnU‐20) and 40 g (VnU‐40) leaves of Vachellia nilotica , biochar‐coated urea (BU), and urease inhibitor paraphenylenediamine‐coated urea (PPDU) in the second year. Ammonia volatilization losses were tracked for up to 12 weeks from sowing. Ammonia losses from basal‐applied N remained consistent in both years, comprising around 4% of the applied N. In the first year, top‐dressed AS resulted in the highest losses, followed by GU, while losses from urea and CAN were statistically similar. In the second year, coated fertilizers showed lower ammonia losses compared to PU, with VnU‐40 displaying the least losses, 48% less than PU. Nitrogen concentration in wheat grain and straw exhibited a negative correlation with ammonia losses. The choice of top‐dressed N source influenced tillering, biological, straw, and grain yields of wheat. In the first year, CAN provided maximum yield benefits, and in the second year, VnU‐20 exhibited 27% more grain yield than PU. These findings suggest that top dressing with coated urea, especially VnU‐20, has the potential to reduce ammonia losses, improve crop nitrogen status, and enhance economic yield compared to other nitrogen sources.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Basal nitrogen losses were about 4% in both years.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- Ammonia lossese0
- Direction
- remained consistente0
- Value
- 4%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ammonia losses from basal‐applied N remained consistent in both years, comprising around 4% of the applied N.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
AS top dressing gave the highest ammonia loss in year one.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- top‐dressed ASe0
- Outcome
- lossese0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the first year, top‐dressed AS resulted in the highest losses”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
GU followed AS in ammonia losses in year one.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GUe0
- Outcome
- lossese0
- Direction
- followede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“top‐dressed AS resulted in the highest losses, followed by GU”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea and CAN ammonia losses were statistically similar.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CANe0
- Outcome
- lossese0
- Direction
- statistically similare0
- Comparator
- ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“losses from urea and CAN were statistically similar.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Coated fertilizers lost less ammonia than PU in year two.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- coated fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- ammonia lossese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- PUe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“coated fertilizers showed lower ammonia losses compared to PU”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
VnU‐40 produced the least ammonia loss, 48% less than PU.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- VnU‐40e0
- Outcome
- lossese0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Value
- 48%e0
- Comparator
- PUe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VnU‐40 displaying the least losses, 48% less than PU.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grain nitrogen concentration correlated negatively with ammonia losses.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- Nitrogen concentration in wheat graine0
- Direction
- negative correlatione0
- Comparator
- ammonia lossese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen concentration in wheat grain and straw exhibited a negative correlation with ammonia losses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat straw nitrogen concentration correlated negatively with ammonia losses.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- Nitrogen concentration in wheat grain and strawe0
- Direction
- negative correlatione0
- Comparator
- ammonia lossese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen concentration in wheat grain and straw exhibited a negative correlation with ammonia losses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen source influenced tillering and biological, straw and grain yields.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- top‐dressed N sourcee0
- Outcome
- tillering, biological, straw, and grain yieldse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The choice of top‐dressed N source influenced tillering, biological, straw, and grain yields of wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
CAN gave maximum yield benefits in year one.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CANe0
- Outcome
- yield benefitse0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the first year, CAN provided maximum yield benefits”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
VnU‐20 increased grain yield by 27% over PU in year two.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- VnU‐20e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 27%e0
- Comparator
- PUe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VnU‐20 exhibited 27% more grain yield than PU.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Coated urea, especially VnU‐20, was recommended to lower losses and improve N status and yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- coated urea, especially VnU‐20e0
- Outcome
- reduce ammonia losses, improve crop nitrogen status, and enhance economic yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“top dressing with coated urea, especially VnU‐20, has the potential to reduce ammonia losses, improve crop nitrogen status, and enhance economic yield compared to other nitrogen sources.”
t0“Wheat”
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