Abstract
Cereal crop production gains under conventional agricultural systems in India have been declining in recent years because of inadequate management practices, creating a considerable concern. These activities were shown to deplete soil organic matter stocks, resulting in a decrease in microbial activity and soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Moreover, even with minimal use of organic sources in cultivated land, soil carbon status deteriorated, particularly in subtropical climates. Integrated nutrient management (INM), a modified farming method, has the potential to effectively utilize organic and inorganic resources, to improve the quality of soils and crops, and making farming more economically viable and sustainable. The aim of this study was to use meta-analysis to quantify the effects of INM on crop production, soil carbon, and microbial activity in Indian soils. During the years 1989–2018, data from various research studies in India, mainly on nutrient management in rice and wheat crops, were collected. Meta-Win 2.1 software was used to analyze the results, and significance was determined at p < 0.05. The results showed that the yield of rice and wheat was 1.4 and 4.9% more in INM than that in 100% NPK (N: nitrogen, P: phosphorous, and K: potassium), and that respective yields were comparatively higher in loamy soils (2.8%) and clayey soils (1.0%). The INM treatment increased SOC and microbial biomass carbon (MBC), resulting in improved overall soil quality. The SOC stock was increased by 23.8% in rice, 15.1% in wheat, 25.3% in loamy soils, and 14.4% in clayey soils in INM over 100% NPK. Microbial quotient (MQ) data showed significant trends between different management systems in both soil types, for example, INM > 100% NPK > No NPK. Due to more soil cracking and reduced aggregate stability in the rice field (greater short-term soil structural changes), the SOC stock loss in rice was higher than that in wheat. The CO 2 equivalent emissions were 7.9 Mg ha −1 higher in no NPK (control) than in 100% NPK, and 16.4 Mg ha −1 higher in control than in INM. In other words, INM increased soil carbon sequestration by 2.3 Mg ha −1 as compared to using 100% NPK. Overall, the findings of this study show that INM could be a viable farming system mode in India for improving crop production, increasing soil carbon sequestration, and improving microbial activity while remaining economically and environmentally sustainable.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Yield of rice and wheat was 1.4 and 4.9% higher under INM than under 100% NPK.
- Taxon
- rice and wheat
Oryza sativa
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- INMe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 1.4 and 4.9%e0
- Comparator
- 100% NPKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of rice and wheat was 1.4 and 4.9% more in INM than that in 100% NPK (N: nitrogen, P: phosphorous, and K: potassium), and that respective yields were comparatively higher in loamy soils (2.8%) and clayey soils (1.0%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield of rice and wheat was higher in loamy soils (2.8%).
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.8%e0
- Setting
- loamy soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of rice and wheat was 1.4 and 4.9% more in INM than that in 100% NPK (N: nitrogen, P: phosphorous, and K: potassium), and that respective yields were comparatively higher in loamy soils (2.8%) and clayey soils (1.0%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield of rice and wheat was higher in clayey soils (1.0%).
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.0%e0
- Setting
- clayey soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of rice and wheat was 1.4 and 4.9% more in INM than that in 100% NPK (N: nitrogen, P: phosphorous, and K: potassium), and that respective yields were comparatively higher in loamy soils (2.8%) and clayey soils (1.0%)”
Claim · model-written summary
INM increased SOC stock in rice by 23.8% over 100% NPK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- INMe1
- Outcome
- SOC stocke1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 23.8%e1
- Comparator
- 100% NPKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of rice and wheat was 1.4 and 4.9% more in INM than that in 100% NPK (N: nitrogen, P: phosphorous, and K: potassium), and that respective yields were comparatively higher in loamy soils (2.8%) and clayey soils (1.0%)”
e1“The SOC stock was increased by 23.8% in rice, 15.1% in wheat, 25.3% in loamy soils, and 14.4% in clayey soils in INM over 100% NPK”
Claim · model-written summary
INM increased SOC stock in wheat by 15.1% over 100% NPK.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- INMe1
- Outcome
- SOC stocke1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 15.1%e1
- Comparator
- 100% NPKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of rice and wheat was 1.4 and 4.9% more in INM than that in 100% NPK (N: nitrogen, P: phosphorous, and K: potassium), and that respective yields were comparatively higher in loamy soils (2.8%) and clayey soils (1.0%)”
e1“The SOC stock was increased by 23.8% in rice, 15.1% in wheat, 25.3% in loamy soils, and 14.4% in clayey soils in INM over 100% NPK”
Claim · model-written summary
INM increased SOC stock in loamy soils by 25.3% over 100% NPK.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- INMe1
- Outcome
- SOC stocke1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 25.3%e1
- Comparator
- 100% NPKe1
- Setting
- loamy soilse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of rice and wheat was 1.4 and 4.9% more in INM than that in 100% NPK (N: nitrogen, P: phosphorous, and K: potassium), and that respective yields were comparatively higher in loamy soils (2.8%) and clayey soils (1.0%)”
e1“The SOC stock was increased by 23.8% in rice, 15.1% in wheat, 25.3% in loamy soils, and 14.4% in clayey soils in INM over 100% NPK”
Claim · model-written summary
INM increased SOC stock in clayey soils by 14.4% over 100% NPK.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- INMe1
- Outcome
- SOC stocke1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 14.4%e1
- Comparator
- 100% NPKe1
- Setting
- clayey soilse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of rice and wheat was 1.4 and 4.9% more in INM than that in 100% NPK (N: nitrogen, P: phosphorous, and K: potassium), and that respective yields were comparatively higher in loamy soils (2.8%) and clayey soils (1.0%)”
e1“The SOC stock was increased by 23.8% in rice, 15.1% in wheat, 25.3% in loamy soils, and 14.4% in clayey soils in INM over 100% NPK”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial quotient differed significantly among management systems, with INM above 100% NPK above no NPK, in both soil types.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- Microbial quotient (MQ)e2
- Qualifier
- INM > 100% NPK > No NPKe2
- Setting
- both soil typese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of rice and wheat was 1.4 and 4.9% more in INM than that in 100% NPK (N: nitrogen, P: phosphorous, and K: potassium), and that respective yields were comparatively higher in loamy soils (2.8%) and clayey soils (1.0%)”
e2“Microbial quotient (MQ) data showed significant trends between different management systems in both soil types, for example, INM > 100% NPK > No NPK”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2-equivalent emissions were 7.9 Mg ha-1 higher in the no-NPK control than under 100% NPK.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- no NPK (control)e4
- Outcome
- CO 2 equivalent emissionse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 7.9 Mg ha −1e4
- Comparator
- 100% NPKe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of rice and wheat was 1.4 and 4.9% more in INM than that in 100% NPK (N: nitrogen, P: phosphorous, and K: potassium), and that respective yields were comparatively higher in loamy soils (2.8%) and clayey soils (1.0%)”
e4“The CO 2 equivalent emissions were 7.9 Mg ha −1 higher in no NPK (control) than in 100% NPK, and 16.4 Mg ha −1 higher in control than in INM”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2-equivalent emissions were 16.4 Mg ha-1 higher in the no-NPK control than under INM.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- no NPK (control)e4
- Outcome
- CO 2 equivalent emissionse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 16.4 Mg ha −1e4
- Comparator
- INMe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of rice and wheat was 1.4 and 4.9% more in INM than that in 100% NPK (N: nitrogen, P: phosphorous, and K: potassium), and that respective yields were comparatively higher in loamy soils (2.8%) and clayey soils (1.0%)”
e4“The CO 2 equivalent emissions were 7.9 Mg ha −1 higher in no NPK (control) than in 100% NPK, and 16.4 Mg ha −1 higher in control than in INM”
Claim · model-written summary
INM increased soil carbon sequestration by 2.3 Mg ha-1 over 100% NPK.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- INMe5
- Outcome
- soil carbon sequestratione5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 2.3 Mg ha −1e5
- Comparator
- 100% NPKe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of rice and wheat was 1.4 and 4.9% more in INM than that in 100% NPK (N: nitrogen, P: phosphorous, and K: potassium), and that respective yields were comparatively higher in loamy soils (2.8%) and clayey soils (1.0%)”
e5“In other words, INM increased soil carbon sequestration by 2.3 Mg ha −1 as compared to using 100% NPK”
Claim · model-written summary
SOC stock loss was higher in rice than in wheat, attributed to more soil cracking and reduced aggregate stability in rice fields.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae6
- Outcome
- SOC stock losse6
- Direction
- highere6
- Qualifier
- soil cracking and reduced aggregate stabilitye6
- Comparator
- wheate6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Due to more soil cracking and reduced aggregate stability in the rice field (greater short-term soil structural changes), the SOC stock loss in rice was higher than that in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
INM increased SOC and microbial biomass carbon.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- INMe3
- Outcome
- SOC and microbial biomass carbone3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of rice and wheat was 1.4 and 4.9% more in INM than that in 100% NPK (N: nitrogen, P: phosphorous, and K: potassium), and that respective yields were comparatively higher in loamy soils (2.8%) and clayey soils (1.0%)”
e3“The INM treatment increased SOC and microbial biomass carbon (MBC), resulting in improved overall soil quality”
Claim · model-written summary
INM is recommended as a viable farming system in India for improving crop production, soil carbon sequestration and microbial activity.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- INMe7
- Outcome
- improving crop production, increasing soil carbon sequestration, and improving microbial activitye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of rice and wheat was 1.4 and 4.9% more in INM than that in 100% NPK (N: nitrogen, P: phosphorous, and K: potassium), and that respective yields were comparatively higher in loamy soils (2.8%) and clayey soils (1.0%)”
e7“Overall, the findings of this study show that INM could be a viable farming system mode in India for improving crop production, increasing soil carbon sequestration, and improving microbial activity”
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