Abstract
Using organic amendments to improve arable soils in the long term is a careful balancing act of applying amendments with the right carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio) at adequate quantity to avoid nitrogen (N) leaching while promoting or retaining crop growth in the short term. So far, most studies examining the relationship between C:N ratio and N mineralization and immobilization were done without plants. In this study we explored how crop biomass and N leaching change with increasing C:N ratio and quantity of organic amendments to arable soil. We conducted an open-air mesocosm experiment with organic amendments application across a range in C:N ratio (10 to 60) and quantity (10 to 50 ton ha-1) to sandy arable soil using a full-factorial design. Spring wheat was planted and grown for six months during which three rainfall events were simulated to test treatment effects on N leaching. Applying amendments with a C:N ratio of 20 and higher decreased crop biomass and increased mineral soil N, while amendments with a C:N ratio of 10 had the opposite effect. Applying larger quantities of amendments reinforced the effect of the C:N ratio on crop biomass. N leaching remained unaffected by either amendment C:N ratio or quantity or even mineral fertilizer as N leaching only occurred in the control treatment without plants. Our results suggests that growing a crop is adequate to prevent N leaching. Applying organic amendments do not pose a different risk regarding N leaching when compared to mineral fertilizer and slurry.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Amendments with a C:N ratio of 20 and higher decreased spring wheat crop biomass compared with a C:N ratio of 10.
- Taxon
- Spring wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- amendments with a C:N ratio of 20 and highere1
- Outcome
- crop biomasse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- amendments with a C:N ratio of 10e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spring wheat was planted and grown for six months during which three rainfall events were simulated to test treatment effects on N leaching”
e1“Applying amendments with a C:N ratio of 20 and higher decreased crop biomass and increased mineral soil N, while amendments with a C:N ratio of 10 had the opposite effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Amendments with a C:N ratio of 20 and higher increased mineral soil N compared with a C:N ratio of 10.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- amendments with a C:N ratio of 20 and highere1
- Outcome
- mineral soil Ne1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- amendments with a C:N ratio of 10e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spring wheat was planted and grown for six months during which three rainfall events were simulated to test treatment effects on N leaching”
e1“Applying amendments with a C:N ratio of 20 and higher decreased crop biomass and increased mineral soil N, while amendments with a C:N ratio of 10 had the opposite effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Amendments with a C:N ratio of 10 increased spring wheat crop biomass.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- amendments with a C:N ratio of 10e1
- Outcome
- crop biomasse1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spring wheat was planted and grown for six months during which three rainfall events were simulated to test treatment effects on N leaching”
e1“Applying amendments with a C:N ratio of 20 and higher decreased crop biomass and increased mineral soil N, while amendments with a C:N ratio of 10 had the opposite effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Amendments with a C:N ratio of 10 decreased mineral soil N in spring wheat cultivation.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- amendments with a C:N ratio of 10e1
- Outcome
- mineral soil Ne1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spring wheat was planted and grown for six months during which three rainfall events were simulated to test treatment effects on N leaching”
e1“Applying amendments with a C:N ratio of 20 and higher decreased crop biomass and increased mineral soil N, while amendments with a C:N ratio of 10 had the opposite effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Larger quantities of amendments reinforced the effect of the C:N ratio on spring wheat crop biomass.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Applying larger quantities of amendmentse2
- Outcome
- crop biomasse2
- Direction
- reinforcede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spring wheat was planted and grown for six months during which three rainfall events were simulated to test treatment effects on N leaching”
e2“Applying larger quantities of amendments reinforced the effect of the C:N ratio on crop biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
N leaching was unaffected by amendment C:N ratio, amendment quantity or mineral fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- amendment C:N ratio or quantity or even mineral fertilizere3
- Outcome
- N leachinge3
- Direction
- unaffectede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spring wheat was planted and grown for six months during which three rainfall events were simulated to test treatment effects on N leaching”
e3“N leaching remained unaffected by either amendment C:N ratio or quantity or even mineral fertilizer as N leaching only occurred in the control treatment without plants”
Claim · model-written summary
N leaching occurred only in the control treatment without plants.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- control treatment without plantse3
- Outcome
- N leachinge3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spring wheat was planted and grown for six months during which three rainfall events were simulated to test treatment effects on N leaching”
e3“N leaching remained unaffected by either amendment C:N ratio or quantity or even mineral fertilizer as N leaching only occurred in the control treatment without plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic amendments do not pose a different N leaching risk than mineral fertilizer and slurry.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- organic amendmentse4
- Outcome
- risk regarding N leachinge4
- Comparator
- mineral fertilizer and slurrye4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spring wheat was planted and grown for six months during which three rainfall events were simulated to test treatment effects on N leaching”
e4“Applying organic amendments do not pose a different risk regarding N leaching when compared to mineral fertilizer and slurry”
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