Abstract
Conventional fertilizers, although widely available, are relatively low in nutrient use efficiency and cause serious environmental concerns like eutrophication, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, nitrate poisoning, and soil pollution. With this in mind, a randomized block design (RBD) experiment was conducted in an experimental field taking 10 treatments and 3 replications to investigate the effects of integrated approaches of nano-formulated DAP fertilizer applications on rice growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency over conventional approaches. The result revealed that plant height, panicle length, number of tillers hill −1 , total number of grain panicle −1 , and root length were maximum in T 10 treatment (50% of the soil test recommended doses (STD) for N and P + seedling root dipping (SRD) with nano DAP at 5 mL L −1 + twice foliar sprays (FS) with nano DAP at 4 mL L −1 at 25 and 45 DAT (date after transplanting). The highest mean grain yields (4.12 and 4.05 Mg ha −1 ) and nutrient uptake were recorded in the T 2 treatment (100% STD), but this was at par with T 10 treatment. The highest benefit–cost ratio (2.26) was recorded in T 10 , which was 3.5% higher than T 2 . N and P agronomic use efficiency (AUE) ranged from 7.5% to 31.5% and 15% to 63%, and recovery efficiency (RE) ranged from 30% to 94.2% and 11.2% to 90.4%. The highest nutrient use efficiency was recorded with T 10 , followed by T 9 , and lowest in T 4 . Post-harvest soil pH and available N and P were significantly highest in T 10 . Soil MBC, MBN, MBP, urease, and phosphatase activity were found significantly higher in T 2 , followed by T 10 . The integrated application of 50% STD for N and P + SRD with nano DAP at 5 mL L -1 + twice FS with nano DAP at 4 mL L −1 at 25 and 45 DAT application can be a suitable substitute for conventional DAP and urea for rice in climate-smart agriculture as it possibly reduces environmental pollution while undisturbing crop yield over the 100% STD.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height and panicle length were maximum in T 10 treatment.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- 50% of the soil test recommended doses (STD) for N and P + seedling root dipping (SRD) with nano DAP at 5 mL L −1 + twice foliar sprays (FS) with nano DAP at 4 mL L −1e1
- Outcome
- plant height, panicle lengthe1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Setting
- experimental fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted in an experimental field taking 10 treatments and 3 replications to investigate the effects of integrated approaches of nano-formulated DAP fertilizer applications on rice growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency over conventional approaches”
e1“plant height, panicle length, number of tillers hill −1 , total number of grain panicle −1 , and root length were maximum in T 10 treatment (50% of the soil test recommended doses (STD) for N and P + seedling root dipping (SRD) with nano DAP at 5 mL L −1 + twice foliar sprays (FS) with nano DAP at 4 mL L −1 at 25 and 45 DAT (date after transplanting)”
Claim · model-written summary
Number of tillers per hill and total grain number per panicle were maximum in T 10 treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 50% of the soil test recommended doses (STD) for N and P + seedling root dipping (SRD) with nano DAP at 5 mL L −1 + twice foliar sprays (FS) with nano DAP at 4 mL L −1e1
- Outcome
- number of tillers hill −1 , total number of grain panicle −1e1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Setting
- experimental fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted in an experimental field taking 10 treatments and 3 replications to investigate the effects of integrated approaches of nano-formulated DAP fertilizer applications on rice growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency over conventional approaches”
e1“plant height, panicle length, number of tillers hill −1 , total number of grain panicle −1 , and root length were maximum in T 10 treatment (50% of the soil test recommended doses (STD) for N and P + seedling root dipping (SRD) with nano DAP at 5 mL L −1 + twice foliar sprays (FS) with nano DAP at 4 mL L −1 at 25 and 45 DAT (date after transplanting)”
Claim · model-written summary
Root length was maximum in T 10 treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 50% of the soil test recommended doses (STD) for N and P + seedling root dipping (SRD) with nano DAP at 5 mL L −1 + twice foliar sprays (FS) with nano DAP at 4 mL L −1e1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Setting
- experimental fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted in an experimental field taking 10 treatments and 3 replications to investigate the effects of integrated approaches of nano-formulated DAP fertilizer applications on rice growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency over conventional approaches”
e1“plant height, panicle length, number of tillers hill −1 , total number of grain panicle −1 , and root length were maximum in T 10 treatment (50% of the soil test recommended doses (STD) for N and P + seedling root dipping (SRD) with nano DAP at 5 mL L −1 + twice foliar sprays (FS) with nano DAP at 4 mL L −1 at 25 and 45 DAT (date after transplanting)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean grain yields were highest in T 2 treatment (100% STD).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- T 2 treatment (100% STD)e2
- Outcome
- mean grain yieldse2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 4.12 and 4.05 Mg ha −1e2
- Setting
- experimental fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted in an experimental field taking 10 treatments and 3 replications to investigate the effects of integrated approaches of nano-formulated DAP fertilizer applications on rice growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency over conventional approaches”
e2“The highest mean grain yields (4.12 and 4.05 Mg ha −1 ) and nutrient uptake were recorded in the T 2 treatment (100% STD), but this was at par with T 10 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean grain yield of T 10 treatment was at par with T 2 treatment (100% STD).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- T 10 treatmente2
- Outcome
- mean grain yieldse2
- Direction
- at pare2
- Comparator
- T 2 treatment (100% STD)e2
- Setting
- experimental fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted in an experimental field taking 10 treatments and 3 replications to investigate the effects of integrated approaches of nano-formulated DAP fertilizer applications on rice growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency over conventional approaches”
e2“The highest mean grain yields (4.12 and 4.05 Mg ha −1 ) and nutrient uptake were recorded in the T 2 treatment (100% STD), but this was at par with T 10 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
T 10 had the highest benefit–cost ratio (2.26), 3.5% higher than T 2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- T 10e3
- Outcome
- benefit–cost ratioe3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 2.26e3
- Qualifier
- 3.5% higher than T 2e3
- Comparator
- T 2e3
- Setting
- experimental fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted in an experimental field taking 10 treatments and 3 replications to investigate the effects of integrated approaches of nano-formulated DAP fertilizer applications on rice growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency over conventional approaches”
e3“The highest benefit–cost ratio (2.26) was recorded in T 10 , which was 3.5% higher than T 2 .”
Claim · model-written summary
N and P agronomic use efficiency (AUE) ranged from 7.5% to 31.5% and 15% to 63%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- N and P agronomic use efficiency (AUE)e4
- Value
- 7.5% to 31.5% and 15% to 63%e4
- Setting
- experimental fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted in an experimental field taking 10 treatments and 3 replications to investigate the effects of integrated approaches of nano-formulated DAP fertilizer applications on rice growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency over conventional approaches”
e4“N and P agronomic use efficiency (AUE) ranged from 7.5% to 31.5% and 15% to 63%”
Claim · model-written summary
Recovery efficiency (RE) ranged from 30% to 94.2% and 11.2% to 90.4%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- recovery efficiency (RE)e5
- Value
- 30% to 94.2% and 11.2% to 90.4%e5
- Setting
- experimental fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted in an experimental field taking 10 treatments and 3 replications to investigate the effects of integrated approaches of nano-formulated DAP fertilizer applications on rice growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency over conventional approaches”
e5“recovery efficiency (RE) ranged from 30% to 94.2% and 11.2% to 90.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
T 10 had the highest nutrient use efficiency, followed by T 9.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- T 10e6
- Outcome
- nutrient use efficiencye6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Comparator
- T 9e6
- Setting
- experimental fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted in an experimental field taking 10 treatments and 3 replications to investigate the effects of integrated approaches of nano-formulated DAP fertilizer applications on rice growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency over conventional approaches”
e6“The highest nutrient use efficiency was recorded with T 10 , followed by T 9 , and lowest in T 4 .”
Claim · model-written summary
T 4 had the lowest nutrient use efficiency.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- T 4e6
- Outcome
- nutrient use efficiencye6
- Direction
- loweste6
- Setting
- experimental fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted in an experimental field taking 10 treatments and 3 replications to investigate the effects of integrated approaches of nano-formulated DAP fertilizer applications on rice growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency over conventional approaches”
e6“The highest nutrient use efficiency was recorded with T 10 , followed by T 9 , and lowest in T 4 .”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-harvest soil pH and available N and P were significantly highest in T 10.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- T 10e7
- Outcome
- soil pH and available N and Pe7
- Direction
- higheste7
- Setting
- experimental fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted in an experimental field taking 10 treatments and 3 replications to investigate the effects of integrated approaches of nano-formulated DAP fertilizer applications on rice growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency over conventional approaches”
e7“Post-harvest soil pH and available N and P were significantly highest in T 10 .”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil MBC, MBN and MBP were significantly higher in T 2 than in other treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- T 2e1
- Outcome
- Soil MBC, MBN, MBPe1
- Direction
- highere1
- Setting
- experimental fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted in an experimental field taking 10 treatments and 3 replications to investigate the effects of integrated approaches of nano-formulated DAP fertilizer applications on rice growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency over conventional approaches”
e1“Soil MBC, MBN, MBP, urease, and phosphatase activity were found significantly higher in T 2 , followed by T 10 .”
Claim · model-written summary
Urease and phosphatase activity were significantly higher in T 2 than in other treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- T 2e1
- Outcome
- urease, and phosphatase activitye1
- Direction
- highere1
- Setting
- experimental fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conducted in an experimental field taking 10 treatments and 3 replications to investigate the effects of integrated approaches of nano-formulated DAP fertilizer applications on rice growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency over conventional approaches”
e1“Soil MBC, MBN, MBP, urease, and phosphatase activity were found significantly higher in T 2 , followed by T 10 .”
Claim · model-written summary
The integrated 50% STD plus nano-DAP application can be a suitable substitute for conventional DAP and urea for rice in climate-smart agriculture.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- a suitable substitute for conventional DAP and ureae1
- Qualifier
- possibly reduces environmental pollution while undisturbing crop yield over the 100% STDe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“can be a suitable substitute for conventional DAP and urea for rice in climate-smart agriculture as it possibly reduces environmental pollution while undisturbing crop yield over the 100% STD”
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