Abstract
Heterogeneous drought stress (HED) is prevalent in drought-resistant practices such as deficit irrigation, root zone irrigation and strip intercropping. The mechanisms and improvement of crop drought resistance under HED are not fully understood. This study used double-root grafted Nandou 12 (ND12) soybean seedlings to simulate HED treatment under controlled conditions. Seedlings were transplanted into root cups with waterproof partitions to establish different soil moisture treatments: sufficient irrigation (SI) with 80 % soil moisture on both sides, HED with 80 % on one side and 40 % on the other, and homogeneous drought stress (HOD) with 60 % on both sides. The results indicated that soybean plants treated with HED exhibited healthier growth compared to those treated with HOD. Photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (cond.), transpiration rate (Tr), and relative water content (RWC) decreased by 10.24 %, 43.90 %, 152.66 %, and 8.69 % in HED-treated plants, respectively, but dry biomass increased by 3.38 %. Conversely, HOD conditions led to a significant decline in these parameters. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed significant changes in the biosynthesis and signaling pathways of key phytohormones and metabolites, including abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), jasmonic acid (JA), isoflavones, starch, and sugars. In HED-treated plants, GmNCED downregulation resulted in 54.22 % less ABA than HOD. GA levels increased under HED with upregulation of GmGA3OX1 and GmGA3OX2 . JA content in HED-treated roots was 90.90 % higher than in HOD-treated roots. Isoflavones concentration including genistein (73.01 %), genistin (63.63 %), malonylgenistin (20.58 %), malonylgenistin (65 %), diadzin (38.15 %), and malonyldiadzin (47.61 %) levels, were significantly higher in HED-treated plants. Antioxidant enzyme activities indicated a 20 % increase in peroxidase (POD) activity under HED, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was 27 % higher in HOD-treated plants, indicating greater oxidative stress. Chlorophyll content remained stable, and starch concentration increased by 33.33 % in HED-treated plants compared to HOD-treated plants. HED enhances phytohormonal responses and metabolic adjustments in soybean plants, boosting photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant capabilities, growth, and drought resilience. This regulatory mechanism balances growth promotion and drought resistance, highlighting HED potential in improving crop resilience. • Heterogeneous drought stress (HED) promotes healthier growth in soybeans compared to homogeneous drought stress (HOD). • HED alters key phytohormones and metabolites. • HED boosts photosynthesis and drought resilience.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
HED supported healthier soybean growth than HOD.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean plants treated with HED exhibited healthier growth compared to those treated with HOD”
Claim · model-written summary
Under HED, photosynthesis rate decreased by 10.24%.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- HEDe0
- Outcome
- Photosynthesis ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 10.24 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (cond.), transpiration rate (Tr), and relative water content (RWC) decreased by 10.24 %, 43.90 %, 152.66 %, and 8.69 % in HED-treated plants, respectively”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Under HED, stomatal conductance decreased by 43.90%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- HEDe0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 43.90 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (cond.), transpiration rate (Tr), and relative water content (RWC) decreased by 10.24 %, 43.90 %, 152.66 %, and 8.69 % in HED-treated plants, respectively”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Under HED, transpiration rate decreased by 152.66%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- HEDe0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 152.66 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (cond.), transpiration rate (Tr), and relative water content (RWC) decreased by 10.24 %, 43.90 %, 152.66 %, and 8.69 % in HED-treated plants, respectively”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Under HED, relative water content decreased by 8.69%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- HEDe0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 8.69 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (cond.), transpiration rate (Tr), and relative water content (RWC) decreased by 10.24 %, 43.90 %, 152.66 %, and 8.69 % in HED-treated plants, respectively”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Under HED, dry biomass increased by 3.38%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but dry biomass increased by 3.38 %”
t0“Soybean”
e1“soybean plants treated with HED exhibited healthier growth compared to those treated with HOD”
Claim · model-written summary
HOD significantly reduced the measured growth and physiological parameters.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- HODe0
- Outcome
- these parameterse0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, HOD conditions led to a significant decline in these parameters.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
HED plants had 54.22% less ABA than HOD with GmNCED downregulation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- HEDe0
- Gene
- GmNCEDe0
- Outcome
- ABAe0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 54.22 %e0
- Comparator
- HODe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In HED-treated plants, GmNCED downregulation resulted in 54.22 % less ABA than HOD.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
GA levels increased under HED with GmGA3OX1 and GmGA3OX2 upregulation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- HEDe0
- Gene
- GmGA3OX1 and GmGA3OX2e0
- Outcome
- GA levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA levels increased under HED with upregulation of GmGA3OX1 and GmGA3OX2”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
JA content in HED roots was 90.90% higher than HOD roots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- HEDe0
- Outcome
- JA contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 90.90 %e0
- Comparator
- HODe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“JA content in HED-treated roots was 90.90 % higher than in HOD-treated roots.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Genistein concentration was significantly higher under HED, by 73.01%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isoflavones concentration including genistein (73.01 %), genistin (63.63 %), malonylgenistin (20.58 %), malonylgenistin (65 %), diadzin (38.15 %), and malonyldiadzin (47.61 %) levels, were significantly higher in HED-treated plants.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Genistin concentration was significantly higher under HED, by 63.63%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isoflavones concentration including genistein (73.01 %), genistin (63.63 %), malonylgenistin (20.58 %), malonylgenistin (65 %), diadzin (38.15 %), and malonyldiadzin (47.61 %) levels, were significantly higher in HED-treated plants.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Malonylgenistin was significantly higher under HED with a reported 20.58% value.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isoflavones concentration including genistein (73.01 %), genistin (63.63 %), malonylgenistin (20.58 %), malonylgenistin (65 %), diadzin (38.15 %), and malonyldiadzin (47.61 %) levels, were significantly higher in HED-treated plants.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Malonylgenistin was also reported significantly higher under HED with a 65% value.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isoflavones concentration including genistein (73.01 %), genistin (63.63 %), malonylgenistin (20.58 %), malonylgenistin (65 %), diadzin (38.15 %), and malonyldiadzin (47.61 %) levels, were significantly higher in HED-treated plants.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Diadzin was significantly higher under HED, by 38.15%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isoflavones concentration including genistein (73.01 %), genistin (63.63 %), malonylgenistin (20.58 %), malonylgenistin (65 %), diadzin (38.15 %), and malonyldiadzin (47.61 %) levels, were significantly higher in HED-treated plants.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Malonyldiadzin was significantly higher under HED, by 47.61%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isoflavones concentration including genistein (73.01 %), genistin (63.63 %), malonylgenistin (20.58 %), malonylgenistin (65 %), diadzin (38.15 %), and malonyldiadzin (47.61 %) levels, were significantly higher in HED-treated plants.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
POD activity increased 20% under HED.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- HEDe0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD) activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 20 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 20 % increase in peroxidase (POD) activity under HED”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA content was 27% higher under HOD.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- HODe0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 27 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“malondialdehyde (MDA) content was 27 % higher in HOD-treated plants”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll content remained stable under HED.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- remained stablee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophyll content remained stable”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch concentration increased 33.33% under HED versus HOD.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- HEDe0
- Outcome
- starch concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 33.33 %e0
- Comparator
- HODe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“starch concentration increased by 33.33 % in HED-treated plants compared to HOD-treated plants”
t0“Soybean”
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