Abstract
Drought is one of the most detrimental factors that causes significant effects on crop development and yield. However, the negative effects of drought stress may be alleviated with the aid of exogenous melatonin (MET) and the use of plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). The present investigation aimed to validate the effects of co-inoculation of MET and Lysinibacillus fusiformis on hormonal, antioxidant, and physio-molecular regulation in soybean plants to reduce the effects of drought stress. Therefore, ten randomly selected isolates were subjected to various plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) traits and a polyethylene-glycol (PEG)-resistance test. Among these, PLT16 tested positive for the production of exopolysaccharide (EPS), siderophore, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), along with higher PEG tolerance, in vitro IAA, and organic-acid production. Therefore, PLT16 was further used in combination with MET to visualize the role in drought-stress mitigation in soybean plant. Furthermore, drought stress significantly damages photosynthesis, enhances ROS production, and reduces water stats, hormonal signaling and antioxidant enzymes, and plant growth and development. However, the co-application of MET and PLT16 enhanced plant growth and development and improved photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids) under both normal conditions and drought stress. This may be because hydrogen-peroxide (H2O2), superoxide-anion (O2−), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were reduced and antioxidant activities were enhanced to maintain redox homeostasis and reduce the abscisic-acid (ABA) level and its biosynthesis gene NCED3 while improving the synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) to mitigate drought stress and balance the stomata activity to maintain the relative water states. This may be possible due to a significant increase in endo-melatonin content, regulation of organic acids, and enhancement of nutrient uptake (calcium, potassium, and magnesium) by co-inoculated PLT16 and MET under normal conditions and drought stress. In addition, co-inoculated PLT16 and MET modulated the relative expression of DREB2 and TFs bZIP while enhancing the expression level of ERD1 under drought stress. In conclusion, the current study found that the combined application of melatonin and Lysinibacillus fusiformis inoculation increased plant growth and could be used to regulate plant function during drought stress as an eco-friendly and low-cost approach.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
PLT16 tested positive for exopolysaccharide, siderophore and indole-3-acetic acid production.
- Taxon
- Soybean Plants
Glycine maxt0 - Interactor
- PLT16e1symbiont
- Outcome
- production of exopolysaccharide (EPS), siderophore, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Soybean Plants”
e1“PLT16 tested positive for the production of exopolysaccharide (EPS), siderophore, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), along with higher PEG tolerance, in vitro IAA, and organic-acid production”
Claim · model-written summary
PLT16 showed higher PEG tolerance, in vitro IAA and organic-acid production.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- PLT16e1symbiont
- Outcome
- PEG tolerance, in vitro IAA, and organic-acid productione1
- Direction
- highere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Soybean Plants”
e1“PLT16 tested positive for the production of exopolysaccharide (EPS), siderophore, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), along with higher PEG tolerance, in vitro IAA, and organic-acid production”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress significantly damaged photosynthesis in soybean.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse2
- Outcome
- photosynthesise2
- Direction
- damagese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Soybean Plants”
e2“drought stress significantly damages photosynthesis, enhances ROS production, and reduces water stats, hormonal signaling and antioxidant enzymes, and plant growth and development”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress enhanced ROS production in soybean.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse2
- Outcome
- ROS productione2
- Direction
- enhancese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Soybean Plants”
e2“drought stress significantly damages photosynthesis, enhances ROS production, and reduces water stats, hormonal signaling and antioxidant enzymes, and plant growth and development”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress reduced water status, hormonal signaling and antioxidant enzymes in soybean.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse2
- Outcome
- water stats, hormonal signaling and antioxidant enzymese2
- Direction
- reducese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Soybean Plants”
e2“drought stress significantly damages photosynthesis, enhances ROS production, and reduces water stats, hormonal signaling and antioxidant enzymes, and plant growth and development”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress reduced plant growth and development in soybean.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse2
- Outcome
- plant growth and developmente2
- Direction
- reducese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Soybean Plants”
e2“drought stress significantly damages photosynthesis, enhances ROS production, and reduces water stats, hormonal signaling and antioxidant enzymes, and plant growth and development”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of melatonin and PLT16 enhanced plant growth and development in soybean under normal and drought conditions.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-application of MET and PLT16e3
- Interactor
- PLT16e3symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growth and developmente3
- Direction
- enhancede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Soybean Plants”
e3“the co-application of MET and PLT16 enhanced plant growth and development and improved photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids) under both normal conditions and drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of melatonin and PLT16 improved photosynthetic pigments in soybean under normal and drought conditions.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-application of MET and PLT16e3
- Interactor
- PLT16e3symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthesis pigmentse3
- Direction
- improvede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Soybean Plants”
e3“the co-application of MET and PLT16 enhanced plant growth and development and improved photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids) under both normal conditions and drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of melatonin and PLT16 reduced hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and malondialdehyde levels in soybean.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-application of MET and PLT16e3
- Interactor
- PLT16e3symbiont
- Outcome
- hydrogen-peroxide (H2O2), superoxide-anion (O2−), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levelse4
- Direction
- were reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Soybean Plants”
e3“the co-application of MET and PLT16 enhanced plant growth and development and improved photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids) under both normal conditions and drought stress”
e4“hydrogen-peroxide (H2O2), superoxide-anion (O2−), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of melatonin and PLT16 enhanced antioxidant activities in soybean.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-application of MET and PLT16e3
- Interactor
- PLT16e3symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitiese5
- Direction
- enhancede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Soybean Plants”
e3“the co-application of MET and PLT16 enhanced plant growth and development and improved photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids) under both normal conditions and drought stress”
e5“antioxidant activities were enhanced”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of melatonin and PLT16 reduced abscisic acid level and the expression of its biosynthesis gene NCED3 in soybean.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-application of MET and PLT16e3
- Interactor
- PLT16e3symbiont
- Gene
- NCED3e6
- Outcome
- abscisic-acid (ABA) levele6
- Direction
- reducee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Soybean Plants”
e3“the co-application of MET and PLT16 enhanced plant growth and development and improved photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids) under both normal conditions and drought stress”
e6“reduce the abscisic-acid (ABA) level and its biosynthesis gene NCED3”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of melatonin and PLT16 improved the synthesis of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid in soybean.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-application of MET and PLT16e3
- Interactor
- PLT16e3symbiont
- Outcome
- synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA)e7
- Direction
- improvinge7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Soybean Plants”
e3“the co-application of MET and PLT16 enhanced plant growth and development and improved photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids) under both normal conditions and drought stress”
e7“improving the synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of melatonin and PLT16 balanced stomata activity to maintain relative water status in soybean.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-application of MET and PLT16e3
- Interactor
- PLT16e3symbiont
- Outcome
- stomata activitye4
- Direction
- balancee4
- Qualifier
- to maintain the relative water statese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Soybean Plants”
e3“the co-application of MET and PLT16 enhanced plant growth and development and improved photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids) under both normal conditions and drought stress”
e4“balance the stomata activity to maintain the relative water states”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculated PLT16 and melatonin significantly increased endo-melatonin content in soybean.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated PLT16 and METe4
- Interactor
- PLT16e4symbiont
- Outcome
- endo-melatonin contente4
- Direction
- significant increasee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Soybean Plants”
e4“a significant increase in endo-melatonin content, regulation of organic acids, and enhancement of nutrient uptake (calcium, potassium, and magnesium) by co-inoculated PLT16 and MET under normal conditions and drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculated PLT16 and melatonin enhanced nutrient uptake of calcium, potassium and magnesium in soybean.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated PLT16 and METe4
- Interactor
- PLT16e4symbiont
- Outcome
- nutrient uptake (calcium, potassium, and magnesium)e4
- Direction
- enhancemente4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Soybean Plants”
e4“a significant increase in endo-melatonin content, regulation of organic acids, and enhancement of nutrient uptake (calcium, potassium, and magnesium) by co-inoculated PLT16 and MET under normal conditions and drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculated PLT16 and melatonin modulated the relative expression of DREB2 and TFs bZIP in soybean under drought stress.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated PLT16 and METe4
- Interactor
- PLT16e4symbiont
- Gene
- DREB2 and TFs bZIPe4
- Outcome
- relative expressione4
- Direction
- modulatede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Soybean Plants”
e4“co-inoculated PLT16 and MET modulated the relative expression of DREB2 and TFs bZIP while enhancing the expression level of ERD1 under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculated PLT16 and melatonin enhanced the expression level of ERD1 under drought stress in soybean.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated PLT16 and METe4
- Interactor
- PLT16e4symbiont
- Gene
- ERD1e4
- Outcome
- expression levele4
- Direction
- enhancinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Soybean Plants”
e4“co-inoculated PLT16 and MET modulated the relative expression of DREB2 and TFs bZIP while enhancing the expression level of ERD1 under drought stress”
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See all 18 papers →8 of 15 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.