Abstract
Kuttanad in India is known as ‘the rice bowl of Kerala’ and renowned for its unique rice cultivation system that is below sea level. However, rice production in this wetland ecosystem is seriously threatened by sheath blight disease caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani, which has resulted in a significant decline in grain quality and a 50% loss in yield. In the present study, we isolated two endophytic Bacillus subtilis strains, NIIST B616 and NIIST B627, from the roots of rice plants growing in the Kuttanad region and tested their efficacy in controlling sheath blight disease. We found that rice plants inoculated with a combination of both Bacillus strains and R. solani had a 64.71% lower disease incidence and a 31.02% higher harvest index than plants treated with R. solani alone. An analysis of defence-related enzymes and chemicals revealed that treatment with both isolates together greatly enhanced levels of l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; 2.8 fold), peroxidase (POX; 7.4 fold), polyphenol oxidase (PPO; 4.5 fold), and total phenol (8.5 fold) compared with plants treated solely with R. solani, indicating that these isolates significantly increased plant defence responses through induced systemic resistance (ISR), and this finding was validated through a split-root experiment. More detailed analysis using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques revealed that cyclo-(Pro-Leu) and cyclo-(Pro-Phe) were the major components responsible for the antifungal properties of the two isolates and their capacity to trigger ISR in plants. Thus, the Bacillus strains and their metabolites may be deemed viable alternatives for controlling the prevalence of sheath blight disease in rice plants and augmenting rice production at unique locations such as Kuttanad.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Bacillus inoculation lowered rice sheath blight incidence by 64.71%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- inoculated with a combination of both Bacillus strains and R. solanie0
- Interactor
- R. solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Second interactor
- Bacillus strainse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 64.71%e0
- Comparator
- plants treated with R. solani alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice plants inoculated with a combination of both Bacillus strains and R. solani had a 64.71% lower disease incidence and a 31.02% higher harvest index than plants treated with R. solani alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Bacillus inoculation raised rice harvest index by 31.02%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- inoculated with a combination of both Bacillus strains and R. solanie0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bacillus strainse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 31.02%e0
- Comparator
- plants treated with R. solani alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice plants inoculated with a combination of both Bacillus strains and R. solani had a 64.71% lower disease incidence and a 31.02% higher harvest index than plants treated with R. solani alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined isolates increased PAL level 2.8 fold relative to R. solani alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- treatment with both isolates togethere0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 2.8 folde0
- Comparator
- plants treated solely with R. solanie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment with both isolates together greatly enhanced levels of l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; 2.8 fold), peroxidase (POX; 7.4 fold), polyphenol oxidase (PPO; 4.5 fold), and total phenol (8.5 fold) compared with plants treated solely with R. solani”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined isolates increased peroxidase level 7.4 fold.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- treatment with both isolates togethere0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 7.4 folde0
- Comparator
- plants treated solely with R. solanie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment with both isolates together greatly enhanced levels of l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; 2.8 fold), peroxidase (POX; 7.4 fold), polyphenol oxidase (PPO; 4.5 fold), and total phenol (8.5 fold) compared with plants treated solely with R. solani”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined isolates increased polyphenol oxidase level 4.5 fold.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- treatment with both isolates togethere0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- polyphenol oxidasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 4.5 folde0
- Comparator
- plants treated solely with R. solanie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment with both isolates together greatly enhanced levels of l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; 2.8 fold), peroxidase (POX; 7.4 fold), polyphenol oxidase (PPO; 4.5 fold), and total phenol (8.5 fold) compared with plants treated solely with R. solani”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined isolates increased total phenol level 8.5 fold.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- treatment with both isolates togethere0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- total phenole0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 8.5 folde0
- Comparator
- plants treated solely with R. solanie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment with both isolates together greatly enhanced levels of l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; 2.8 fold), peroxidase (POX; 7.4 fold), polyphenol oxidase (PPO; 4.5 fold), and total phenol (8.5 fold) compared with plants treated solely with R. solani”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyclo-(Pro-Leu) and cyclo-(Pro-Phe) were identified as major components responsible for antifungal properties and induced resistance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- cyclo-(Pro-Leu) and cyclo-(Pro-Phe)e0
- Outcome
- antifungal properties of the two isolates and their capacity to trigger ISR in plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cyclo-(Pro-Leu) and cyclo-(Pro-Phe) were the major components responsible for the antifungal properties of the two isolates and their capacity to trigger ISR in plants”
t0“Rice”
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