Abstract
Various water-saving irrigation (WSI) practices (e.g., dry cultivation, intermittent irrigation, controlled irrigation, shallow-wet irrigation, and rain-gathering irrigation) have been applied to rice cultivation mitigate water scarcity in China. However, in previous studies, these WSI practices have shown different water savings and yield increases, mainly due to different application conditions. A meta-analysis was applied to investigate the responses of the actual evapotranspiration (ET act ), irrigation water (IW), rice yield (Y), and water productivity (WP) to WSI practices in different conditions, and 956 data sets were selected from 108 published papers. The results showed that, compared to traditional flood irrigation, rain-gathering irrigation decreased ET act and IW by 25.41 % and 55.7 % respectively, and increased WP greatly by 14.26 % while having a slight decrease in Y. Except for dry cultivation, all WSI practices increased WP by 4.72–14.26 % compared to traditional flood irrigation. The effects of different soil qualities on rice water consumption and production vary; medium soils with high organic content and a pH below 6.5 are better for rice growth. As for rice seasons, WSI practices had the least impact on ET act in middle rice, with an average reduction of 5.84 %, followed by early rice (–12.66 %) and late rice (–18.81 %). Higher mean annual temperature and more precipitation led to more Y under WSI practices. Differences in the effects of mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation on WP were not significant. Our meta-analysis provides more insight into the effects of water-saving irrigation practices on rice water consumption, yield, and water productivity at various experimental sites. In general, there is considerable variation in the responses of Y and WP to different water-saving irrigation practices, and more evaluation of aspects such as rice seasons, soil properties, and meteorological conditions is needed for optimizing WSI in practice. • Water consumption and yield of rice varied with water-saving irrigation practices. • Intermittent irrigation was superior in increasing yield and water productivity. • Lower pH favors rice growth but increases water consumption. • Early rice has the highest yield and late rice has the highest water productivity. • More mean annual precipitation and higher temperature led to more yield.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Rain-gathering irrigation reduced actual evapotranspiration by 25.41%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- rain-gathering irrigatione0
- Outcome
- ET acte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 25.41 %e0
- Comparator
- traditional flood irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to traditional flood irrigation, rain-gathering irrigation decreased ET act and IW by 25.41 % and 55.7 % respectively, and increased WP greatly by 14.26 % while having a slight decrease in Y.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rain-gathering irrigation reduced irrigation water by 55.7%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- rain-gathering irrigatione0
- Outcome
- IWe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 55.7 %e0
- Comparator
- traditional flood irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to traditional flood irrigation, rain-gathering irrigation decreased ET act and IW by 25.41 % and 55.7 % respectively, and increased WP greatly by 14.26 % while having a slight decrease in Y.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rain-gathering irrigation increased water productivity by 14.26%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- rain-gathering irrigatione0
- Outcome
- WPe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.26 %e0
- Comparator
- traditional flood irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to traditional flood irrigation, rain-gathering irrigation decreased ET act and IW by 25.41 % and 55.7 % respectively, and increased WP greatly by 14.26 % while having a slight decrease in Y.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rain-gathering irrigation slightly decreased yield.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- rain-gathering irrigatione0
- Outcome
- Ye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- slighte0
- Comparator
- traditional flood irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to traditional flood irrigation, rain-gathering irrigation decreased ET act and IW by 25.41 % and 55.7 % respectively, and increased WP greatly by 14.26 % while having a slight decrease in Y.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
All water-saving practices except dry cultivation raised water productivity by 4.72–14.26%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- all WSI practicese0
- Outcome
- WPe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.72–14.26 %e0
- Qualifier
- Except for dry cultivatione0
- Comparator
- traditional flood irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Except for dry cultivation, all WSI practices increased WP by 4.72–14.26 % compared to traditional flood irrigation.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium soils with high organic content and pH below 6.5 were better for rice growth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- rice growthe0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Setting
- medium soils with high organic content and a pH below 6.5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“medium soils with high organic content and a pH below 6.5 are better for rice growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Middle rice evapotranspiration fell by an average of 5.84%, the least season impact.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- middle ricee0
- Treatment
- WSI practicese0
- Outcome
- ET acte0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 5.84 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WSI practices had the least impact on ET act in middle rice, with an average reduction of 5.84 %, followed by early rice (–12.66 %) and late rice (–18.81 %).”
Claim · model-written summary
Early rice evapotranspiration fell by 12.66%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- early ricee0
- Treatment
- WSI practicese0
- Outcome
- ET acte0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- –12.66 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WSI practices had the least impact on ET act in middle rice, with an average reduction of 5.84 %, followed by early rice (–12.66 %) and late rice (–18.81 %).”
Claim · model-written summary
Late rice evapotranspiration fell by 18.81%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- late ricee0
- Treatment
- WSI practicese0
- Outcome
- ET acte0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- –18.81 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WSI practices had the least impact on ET act in middle rice, with an average reduction of 5.84 %, followed by early rice (–12.66 %) and late rice (–18.81 %).”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher annual temperature was associated with more yield under WSI.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- WSI practicese0
- Outcome
- Ye0
- Direction
- moree0
- Setting
- Higher mean annual temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher mean annual temperature and more precipitation led to more Y under WSI practices.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
More precipitation was associated with more yield under WSI.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher mean annual temperature and more precipitation led to more Y under WSI practices.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature effects on water productivity were not significant.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- WPe0
- Setting
- mean annual temperaturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Differences in the effects of mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation on WP were not significant.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Precipitation effects on water productivity were not significant.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- WPe0
- Setting
- mean annual precipitatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Differences in the effects of mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation on WP were not significant.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Intermittent irrigation was superior for yield.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Intermittent irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intermittent irrigation was superior in increasing yield and water productivity.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Intermittent irrigation was superior for water productivity.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Intermittent irrigatione0
- Outcome
- water productivitye0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intermittent irrigation was superior in increasing yield and water productivity.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower pH favored rice growth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- rice growthe0
- Direction
- favorse0
- Setting
- Lower pHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower pH favors rice growth but increases water consumption.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower pH increased water consumption.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- water consumptione0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Setting
- Lower pHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower pH favors rice growth but increases water consumption.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Early rice had the highest yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- Early ricee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early rice has the highest yield and late rice has the highest water productivity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Late rice had the highest water productivity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- late ricee0
- Outcome
- water productivitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early rice has the highest yield and late rice has the highest water productivity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Further evaluation of season, soil, and weather is needed to optimize WSI.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- more evaluation of aspects such as rice seasons, soil properties, and meteorological conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more evaluation of aspects such as rice seasons, soil properties, and meteorological conditions is needed for optimizing WSI in practice.”
t0“Rice”
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