Abstract
Heat‐stable mycelial extracts of the nonpathogenic fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum induced resistance in tobacco seedlings ( Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Wisconsin 38) to the pathogen Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae (race 0), which did not involve a hypersensitive response. Resistance could not be induced with mycelial extract prepared in the same manner from P. parasitica . The nonpathogenic mycelial extract induced expression of PR‐1b and osmotin (PR‐5) genes to a higher level than did mycelial extract from the pathogenic fungus. The tissue‐specific pattern of PR gene induction by the nonpathogenic mycelial extract was different from that of the pathogenic mycelial extract and was consistent with the ability of the former to cause disease resistance. The expression patterns of these two PR genes and the accumulations of their encoded proteins also were affected by salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ethylene (E) and combinations of these plant signal messengers. However, only combined SA and MeJA treatment mimicked the pattern of PR gene mRNA and protein accumulation induced by the nonpathogenic mycelial extract. E inhibitors blocked both mycelial extract‐induced and SA/MeJA‐induced PR gene expression, and the cis pattern of responsiveness on the osmotin promoter was the same for the mycelial extract, SA, E, or E/MeJA. Seedlings treated with P. parasitica spores in the presence of SA/MeJA were protected from pathogen colonization. However, these seedlings exhibited symptoms of cell death (disease symptoms) both in the absence and presence of P. parasitica spores, in contrast to seedlings treated with nonpathogenic mycelial extract, which remained healthy. These results suggest that the signal transduction pathways for elicitation of defense responses by exogenously applied heat‐stable nonpathogenic mycelial extract and SA/MeJA overlap at the point of PR protein induction but are not identical.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma longibrachiatum extract induced tobacco seedling resistance to Phytophthora parasitica without a hypersensitive response.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Material
- Wisconsin 38e0
- Treatment
- Heat‐stable mycelial extracts of the nonpathogenic fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatume0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae
Phytophthora nicotianaee0pathogen - Second interactor
- Trichoderma longibrachiatumTrichoderma longibrachiatume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- resistancee0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat‐stable mycelial extracts of the nonpathogenic fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum induced resistance in tobacco seedlings ( Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Wisconsin 38) to the pathogen Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae (race 0), which did not involve a hypersensitive response”
Claim · model-written summary
Extract of Phytophthora parasitica did not induce tobacco resistance.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- mycelial extract prepared in the same manner from P. parasiticae0
- Interactor
- P. parasiticaPhytophthora nicotianaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- Resistancee0
- Direction
- could not be inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Resistance could not be induced with mycelial extract prepared in the same manner from P. parasitica”
e1“tobacco seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonpathogenic extract induced higher PR-1b and osmotin gene expression than pathogen extract.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- nonpathogenic mycelial extracte0
- Gene
- PR‐1b and osmotin (PR‐5)e0
- Outcome
- expression of PR‐1b and osmotin (PR‐5) genese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- mycelial extract from the pathogenic funguse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The nonpathogenic mycelial extract induced expression of PR‐1b and osmotin (PR‐5) genes to a higher level than did mycelial extract from the pathogenic fungus”
e1“tobacco seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonpathogenic extract produced a different tissue-specific PR induction pattern from pathogenic extract.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- nonpathogenic mycelial extracte0
- Outcome
- tissue‐specific pattern of PR gene inductione0
- Direction
- differente0
- Comparator
- pathogenic mycelial extracte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The tissue‐specific pattern of PR gene induction by the nonpathogenic mycelial extract was different from that of the pathogenic mycelial extract”
e1“tobacco seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid affected PR gene expression and protein accumulation.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Outcome
- expression patterns of these two PR genes and the accumulations of their encoded proteinse0
- Direction
- affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression patterns of these two PR genes and the accumulations of their encoded proteins also were affected by salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ethylene (E) and combinations of these plant signal messengers”
e1“tobacco seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Methyl jasmonate affected PR gene expression and protein accumulation.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- methyl jasmonate (MeJA)e0
- Outcome
- expression patterns of these two PR genes and the accumulations of their encoded proteinse0
- Direction
- affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression patterns of these two PR genes and the accumulations of their encoded proteins also were affected by salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ethylene (E) and combinations of these plant signal messengers”
e1“tobacco seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene affected PR gene expression and protein accumulation.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- ethylene (E)e0
- Outcome
- expression patterns of these two PR genes and the accumulations of their encoded proteinse0
- Direction
- affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression patterns of these two PR genes and the accumulations of their encoded proteins also were affected by salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ethylene (E) and combinations of these plant signal messengers”
e1“tobacco seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Only combined salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate mimicked nonpathogenic extract-induced PR mRNA and protein patterns.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- combined SA and MeJA treatmente0
- Outcome
- pattern of PR gene mRNA and protein accumulatione0
- Direction
- mimickede0
- Comparator
- nonpathogenic mycelial extracte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only combined SA and MeJA treatment mimicked the pattern of PR gene mRNA and protein accumulation induced by the nonpathogenic mycelial extract”
e1“tobacco seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene inhibitors blocked extract-induced PR expression.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- E inhibitorse0
- Outcome
- PR gene expressione0
- Direction
- blockede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“E inhibitors blocked both mycelial extract‐induced and SA/MeJA‐induced PR gene expression”
e1“tobacco seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene inhibitors blocked SA/MeJA-induced PR expression.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- E inhibitorse0
- Outcome
- SA/MeJA‐induced PR gene expressione0
- Direction
- blockede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“E inhibitors blocked both mycelial extract‐induced and SA/MeJA‐induced PR gene expression”
e1“tobacco seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Osmotin promoter responsiveness was the same for extract, SA, ethylene, and ethylene/MeJA.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Gene
- osmotin promotere0
- Outcome
- cis pattern of responsivenesse0
- Direction
- the samee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the cis pattern of responsiveness on the osmotin promoter was the same for the mycelial extract, SA, E, or E/MeJA”
e1“tobacco seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
SA/MeJA protected tobacco seedlings challenged with Phytophthora spores from pathogen colonization.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- SA/MeJAe0
- Interactor
- P. parasiticaPhytophthora nicotianaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogen colonizatione0
- Direction
- protectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings treated with P. parasitica spores in the presence of SA/MeJA were protected from pathogen colonization”
e1“tobacco seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
SA/MeJA-treated seedlings showed cell-death symptoms with or without Phytophthora spores, unlike healthy extract-treated seedlings.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume2
- Treatment
- SA/MeJAe1
- Interactor
- P. parasiticaPhytophthora nicotianaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- symptoms of cell deathe0
- Direction
- exhibitede0
- Comparator
- seedlings treated with nonpathogenic mycelial extracte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these seedlings exhibited symptoms of cell death (disease symptoms) both in the absence and presence of P. parasitica spores, in contrast to seedlings treated with nonpathogenic mycelial extract, which remained healthy”
e1“Seedlings treated with P. parasitica spores in the presence of SA/MeJA”
e2“tobacco seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that extract and SA/MeJA defense pathways overlap at PR induction but are not identical.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Outcome
- defense responsese0
- Qualifier
- overlap at the point of PR protein induction but are not identicale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“signal transduction pathways for elicitation of defense responses by exogenously applied heat‐stable nonpathogenic mycelial extract and SA/MeJA overlap at the point of PR protein induction but are not identical”
e1“tobacco seedlings”
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.