Abstract
Abstract A field experiment was conducted in the field of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during the spring season of 2021, aiming to study the effect of Datura root extract and the herbicide Trifluralin on the weeds accompanying the sunflower (Flami variety) and the crop yield and its components. The experiment was implemented based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. The distances between the lines (60, 75, and 90) cm represented the main plots, and the subplots were the weed control treatments, involving 1-treatment of spray with Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha -1 (T1), 2- treatment of spray with Datura root extract at 18 l.ha -1 (T2), 3- treatment of spray with Trifluralin at 1.2 L.ha -1 + spray with Datura root extract at 9 L.ha -1 (T3), and 4- the weedy treatment (T4). The distance of 60 cm showed the lowest average density of the weeds accompanying the plant, recording 16.58 plants.m -2 , and it recorded the highest values of the weed control percentage (63.12%) after 30 days of sequential planting, seed yield (5.242 t.ha -1 ), and oil yield (1.711 t.ha -1 ). The distance of 90 cm achieved the highest values of the disc diameter (18.66 cm), the number of seeds per disc (1232.0), and 1000 seed weight (89.95 g). Treatment T1 of spraying herbicide Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha -1 achieved the lowest weed density (8.89 plants.m -2 ). It also recorded the highest values of the percentage of weed control (82.00%) after 30 days of planting, disc diameter (18.50 cm), number of seeds per disc (1289.0 seeds.disc -1 ), 1000- seeds weight (87.40 g), seed yield (5.744 t.ha -1 ), and oil yield (2.232 t.ha -1 ). The interaction between the two study factors significantly affected most of the traits under study. The interaction treatment between the distance of 60 cm and the treatment T1 achieved the lowest number of weeds, reaching 5.00 plants.m -2 , the highest percentage of weed control, reaching 88.55% after 30 days of spray, and the highest seed yield of 6.553 t.ha -1 . The interaction between the distance of 90 cm and the treatment T3 achieved high averages for the disc diameter (20.47 cm), number of seeds per disc (1466.1 seeds.disc -1 ), and 1000 seed weight (105.93 g). The results confirm the integration between the effect of the distance between the rows, the herbicide, and the extract in improving these traits.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower plots with 60 cm between rows had the lowest average density of accompanying weeds, 16.58 plants per m2.
- Taxon
- Sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- distance of 60 cme0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- average density of the weedse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 16.58 plants.m -2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“The distance of 60 cm showed the lowest average density of the weeds accompanying the plant, recording 16.58 plants.m -2”
Claim · model-written summary
The 60 cm row distance gave the highest weed control percentage, 63.12%, after 30 days of sequential planting.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- distance of 60 cme0
- Outcome
- weed control percentagee1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 63.12%e1
- Qualifier
- after 30 days of sequential plantinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“The distance of 60 cm”
e1“highest values of the weed control percentage (63.12%) after 30 days of sequential planting”
Claim · model-written summary
The 60 cm row distance gave the highest seed yield, 5.242 t per ha.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- distance of 60 cme0
- Outcome
- seed yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 5.242 t.ha -1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“The distance of 60 cm”
e1“highest values of the weed control percentage (63.12%) after 30 days of sequential planting, seed yield (5.242 t.ha -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
The 60 cm row distance gave the highest oil yield, 1.711 t per ha.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- distance of 60 cme0
- Outcome
- oil yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 1.711 t.ha -1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“The distance of 60 cm”
e1“highest values of the weed control percentage (63.12%) after 30 days of sequential planting, seed yield (5.242 t.ha -1 ), and oil yield (1.711 t.ha -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
The 90 cm row distance gave the highest disc diameter, 18.66 cm.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- distance of 90 cme0
- Outcome
- disc diametere0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 18.66 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“The distance of 90 cm achieved the highest values of the disc diameter (18.66 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
The 90 cm row distance gave the highest number of seeds per disc, 1232.0.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- distance of 90 cme0
- Outcome
- number of seeds per disce0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1232.0e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“The distance of 90 cm achieved the highest values of the disc diameter (18.66 cm), the number of seeds per disc (1232.0)”
Claim · model-written summary
The 90 cm row distance gave the highest 1000 seed weight, 89.95 g.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- distance of 90 cme0
- Outcome
- 1000 seed weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 89.95 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“The distance of 90 cm achieved the highest values of the disc diameter (18.66 cm), the number of seeds per disc (1232.0), and 1000 seed weight (89.95 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin at 2.4 L per ha (T1) gave the lowest weed density, 8.89 plants per m2.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- spraying herbicide Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha -1e0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed densitye0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 8.89 plants.m -2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“Treatment T1 of spraying herbicide Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha -1 achieved the lowest weed density (8.89 plants.m -2 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin at 2.4 L per ha (T1) gave the highest weed control percentage, 82.00%, after 30 days of planting.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- spraying herbicide Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha -1e0
- Outcome
- percentage of weed controle1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 82.00%e1
- Qualifier
- after 30 days of plantinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“Treatment T1 of spraying herbicide Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha -1”
e1“highest values of the percentage of weed control (82.00%) after 30 days of planting”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin at 2.4 L per ha (T1) gave the highest disc diameter, 18.50 cm.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- spraying herbicide Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha -1e0
- Outcome
- disc diametere1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 18.50 cme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“Treatment T1 of spraying herbicide Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha -1”
e1“highest values of the percentage of weed control (82.00%) after 30 days of planting, disc diameter (18.50 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin at 2.4 L per ha (T1) gave the highest number of seeds per disc, 1289.0.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- spraying herbicide Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha -1e0
- Outcome
- number of seeds per disce1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Value
- 1289.0 seeds.disc -1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“Treatment T1 of spraying herbicide Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha -1”
e1“number of seeds per disc (1289.0 seeds.disc -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin at 2.4 L per ha (T1) gave the highest 1000 seed weight, 87.40 g.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- spraying herbicide Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha -1e0
- Outcome
- 1000- seeds weighte1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Value
- 87.40 ge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“Treatment T1 of spraying herbicide Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha -1”
e1“1000- seeds weight (87.40 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin at 2.4 L per ha (T1) gave the highest seed yield, 5.744 t per ha.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- spraying herbicide Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha -1e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Value
- 5.744 t.ha -1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“Treatment T1 of spraying herbicide Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha -1”
e1“seed yield (5.744 t.ha -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin at 2.4 L per ha (T1) gave the highest oil yield, 2.232 t per ha.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- spraying herbicide Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha -1e0
- Outcome
- oil yielde1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Value
- 2.232 t.ha -1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“Treatment T1 of spraying herbicide Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha -1”
e1“oil yield (2.232 t.ha -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
The interaction between row distance and weed control treatment significantly affected most of the traits studied.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- interaction between the two study factorse0
- Outcome
- most of the traitse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“The interaction between the two study factors significantly affected most of the traits under study”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of 60 cm row distance and T1 gave the lowest number of weeds, 5.00 plants per m2.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- distance of 60 cm and the treatment T1e0
- Interactor
- weedse1weed
- Outcome
- number of weedse1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Value
- 5.00 plants.m -2e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“The interaction treatment between the distance of 60 cm and the treatment T1”
e1“achieved the lowest number of weeds, reaching 5.00 plants.m -2”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of 60 cm row distance and T1 gave the highest weed control percentage, 88.55%, after 30 days of spray.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- distance of 60 cm and the treatment T1e0
- Outcome
- percentage of weed controle1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 88.55%e1
- Qualifier
- after 30 days of spraye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“The interaction treatment between the distance of 60 cm and the treatment T1”
e1“the highest percentage of weed control, reaching 88.55% after 30 days of spray”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of 60 cm row distance and T1 gave the highest seed yield, 6.553 t per ha.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- distance of 60 cm and the treatment T1e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 6.553 t.ha -1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“The interaction treatment between the distance of 60 cm and the treatment T1”
e1“the highest seed yield of 6.553 t.ha -1”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of 90 cm row distance and T3 (Trifluralin 1.2 L per ha plus Datura root extract 9 L per ha) gave high averages for disc diameter (20.47 cm), seeds per disc (1466.1) and 1000 seed weight (105.93 g).
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- distance of 90 cm and the treatment T3e0
- Outcome
- high averagese0
- Direction
- high averagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“The interaction between the distance of 90 cm and the treatment T3 achieved high averages for the disc diameter (20.47 cm), number of seeds per disc (1466.1 seeds.disc -1 ), and 1000 seed weight (105.93 g)”
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See all 69 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.