Abstract
With population growth and resource depletion, maximizing the efficiency of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping systems is urgently needed. The goal of this study was to shed light on precise irrigation amounts and optimal agronomic practices via simulating rice–rice and soybean–rice crop rotations in the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model. The APEX model was calibrated using observations from five fields under soybean–rice rotation in Arkansas from 2017 to 2019 and remote sensing leaf area index (LAI) values to assess modeled vegetation growth. Different irrigation practices were assessed, including conventional flooding (CVF), known as cascade, multiple inlet rice irrigation with polypipe (MIRI), and furrow irrigation (FIR). The amount of water used differed between fields, following each field’s measured or estimated input. Moreover, fields were managed with either continuous flooding (CF) or alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation. Two 20-year scenarios were simulated to test yield changes: (1) between rice–rice and soybean–rice rotation and (2) under reduced irrigation amounts. After calibration with crop yield and LAI, the modeled LAI correlated to the observations with R2 values greater than 0.66, and the percent bias (PBIAS) values were within 32%. The PBIAS and percent difference for modeled versus observed yield were within 2.5% for rice and 15% for soybean. Contrary to expectation, the rice–rice and soybean–rice rotation yields were not statistically significant. The results of the reduced irrigation scenario differed by field, but reducing irrigation beyond 20% from the original amount input by the farmers significantly reduced yields in all fields, except for one field that was over-irrigated.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
The modeled LAI correlated with observations with R2 values greater than 0.66.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Glycine max
Oryza sativae0 - Outcome
- modeled LAIe2
- Value
- R2 values greater than 0.66e2
- Comparator
- observationse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“the modeled LAI correlated to the observations with R2 values greater than 0.66, and the percent bias (PBIAS) values were within 32%”
Claim · model-written summary
Modeled rice yield differed from observed yield by within 2.5% in percent difference.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Outcome
- percent difference for modeled versus observed yielde3
- Value
- within 2.5%e3
- Comparator
- observed yielde3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The PBIAS and percent difference for modeled versus observed yield were within 2.5% for rice and 15% for soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Modeled soybean yield differed from observed yield by 15% in percent difference.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe3
- Outcome
- percent difference for modeled versus observed yielde3
- Value
- 15%e3
- Comparator
- observed yielde3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The PBIAS and percent difference for modeled versus observed yield were within 2.5% for rice and 15% for soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Contrary to expectation, soybean-rice and rice-rice rotation yields did not differ significantly in simulation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- soybean–rice rotatione4
- Outcome
- yieldse4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
- Comparator
- rice–ricee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Contrary to expectation, the rice–rice and soybean–rice rotation yields were not statistically significant”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing irrigation beyond 20% below the farmers original input significantly reduced simulated yields in all fields except one over-irrigated field.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.)Glycine maxOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- reducing irrigation beyond 20% from the original amount input by the farmerse5
- Outcome
- yieldse5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 20%e5
- Qualifier
- except for one field that was over-irrigatede5
- Comparator
- original amount input by the farmerse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e5“reducing irrigation beyond 20% from the original amount input by the farmers significantly reduced yields in all fields, except for one field that was over-irrigated”
Claim · model-written summary
The APEX model percent bias values were within 32% after calibration.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.)Glycine maxOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- percent bias (PBIAS) valuese2
- Value
- within 32%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“the modeled LAI correlated to the observations with R2 values greater than 0.66, and the percent bias (PBIAS) values were within 32%”
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