Abstract
Abstract Background Plants are equipped with several sophisticated mechanisms to deal with heavy metals (HMs) toxicity. Cell walls, which are rich in pectin, are important in the sequestration and compartmentalization of HMs. Pectin demethylation is carried out by pectin methylesterase (PME), which is a crucial activity in cell walls for the adsorption of HMs. This study focused on the factors that contribute to chromium (Cr) adsorption in rice plants exposed to Cr(VI) treatments without proline (Pro) “Cr(VI)” and with Pro “Pro + Cr(VI)” application. Results The results exhibited that when rice plants were treated with Cr(VI), their PME activity decreased, because Cr(VI) was bound to certain isoforms of PME and prevented the demethylation of pectin. The application of Pro increased PME activity by promoting the transcription of several PME-related genes. These genes were recognized on the basis of their similarity with PME genes in Arabidopsis . Gene expression variation factors ( GEVFs ) between the “Cr(VI)” and “Pro + Cr(VI)” treatments revealed that OsPME7 and OsPME9 have the highest positive GEVF values than other OsPME genes of rice. In addition, Pro application increased pectin content significantly in rice plants exposed to Cr(VI) stress. Proline application also leads to an increased concentration of Cr in rice roots compared with “Cr(VI)” treatments alone. Conclusions These findings suggest that Pro increased Cr(VI) adsorption in cell walls of rice plants by enhancing the PME activity and pectin content when exposed to “Cr(VI)” treatments, mainly regulated by OsPME7 and OsPME9 . Graphical Abstract
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Cr(VI) treatment decreased rice PME activity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when rice plants were treated with Cr(VI), their PME activity decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Cr(VI) binding to PME isoforms prevented pectin demethylation.
- Taxon
- rice plants
Oryza sativat0 - Gene
- PMEe0
- Compound
- Cr(VI)e0
- Outcome
- demethylation of pectine0
- Qualifier
- bound to certain isoforms of PMEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr(VI) was bound to certain isoforms of PME and prevented the demethylation of pectin.”
t0“rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro application increased PME activity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of Pro increased PME activity by promoting the transcription of several PME-related genes.”
t0“rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro promoted transcription of several PME-related genes.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Proe0
- Gene
- PME-related genese0
- Outcome
- transcription of several PME-related genese0
- Direction
- promotinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of Pro increased PME activity by promoting the transcription of several PME-related genes.”
t0“rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
OsPME7 had one of the highest positive expression variation factors between Cr(VI) and Pro plus Cr(VI).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- “Pro + Cr(VI)”e0
- Gene
- OsPME7e0
- Outcome
- GEVF valuese0
- Direction
- highest positivee0
- Comparator
- “Cr(VI)”e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene expression variation factors ( GEVFs ) between the “Cr(VI)” and “Pro + Cr(VI)” treatments revealed that OsPME7 and OsPME9 have the highest positive GEVF values than other OsPME genes of rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
OsPME9 had one of the highest positive expression variation factors between Cr(VI) and Pro plus Cr(VI).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- “Pro + Cr(VI)”e0
- Gene
- OsPME9e0
- Outcome
- GEVF valuese0
- Direction
- highest positivee0
- Comparator
- “Cr(VI)”e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene expression variation factors ( GEVFs ) between the “Cr(VI)” and “Pro + Cr(VI)” treatments revealed that OsPME7 and OsPME9 have the highest positive GEVF values than other OsPME genes of rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro significantly increased pectin content in chromium-stressed rice.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Pro applicatione0
- Outcome
- pectin contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- exposed to Cr(VI) stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pro application increased pectin content significantly in rice plants exposed to Cr(VI) stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased chromium concentration in rice roots compared with Cr(VI) alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Proline applicatione0
- Outcome
- concentration of Cr in rice rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- “Cr(VI)” treatments alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proline application also leads to an increased concentration of Cr in rice roots compared with “Cr(VI)” treatments alone.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that proline increases cell-wall Cr(VI) adsorption through PME activity and pectin content.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Proe0
- Gene
- OsPME7e0
- Compound
- pectine0
- Outcome
- Cr(VI) adsorption in cell wallse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- by enhancing the PME activity and pectin contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pro increased Cr(VI) adsorption in cell walls of rice plants by enhancing the PME activity and pectin content when exposed to “Cr(VI)” treatments, mainly regulated by OsPME7 and OsPME9”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.