Abstract
Abstract Plasma-activated water (PAW) is receiving increased attention as a booster of seed germination and seedling vigor, and some studies have described use of PAW to manage crop pathogens. Here, we examined physicochemical properties of two PAWs (referred to as PAW 6.0 and 9.4 min with atmospheric plasma jet) and assessed “their indirect effects” (applied as supplementary irrigation) on host suitability of tomato plants ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) to two-spotted spider mites ( Tetranychus urticae Koch). Exposure of water to cold plasma significantly lowered pH and increased concentrations of H 2 O 2, NO 2 − , and NO 3 − . Supplementary PAW irrigations elicited significant increases in leaf composition of several elements (N, P, K S, Ca, and Mg), leaf reflectance, plant size, and trichome densities (except non-glandular trichomes on the adaxial surface). Preference bioassays revealed significant avoidance of settling and reduced oviposition by two-spotted spider mites on leaf discs from PAW-irrigated plants compared to those from untreated control plants. Performance bioassays showed a significant decrease in two-spotted spider mite populations on PAW-irrigated plants. Results presented in this study provide comprehensive support to the hypothesis that indirect effects of supplementary PAW irrigation significantly reduce host plant suitability to two-spotted spider mites. PAW 6.0 may be slightly better than PAW 9.4, and this difference in performance is discussed in this study. Applications of PAW as supplementary irrigation are likely highly compatible with other IPM tactics and should be considered an innovative and sustainable component in twenty-first-century pest management.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Plasma exposure lowered water pH.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of water to cold plasma significantly lowered pH”
Claim · model-written summary
Plasma exposure raised water peroxide, nitrite and nitrate concentrations.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“increased concentrations of H 2 O 2, NO 2 − , and NO 3 −”
Claim · model-written summary
PAW irrigation increased several leaf element concentrations.
- Taxon
- tomato plants
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- Supplementary PAW irrigationse0
- Outcome
- leaf composition of several elements (N, P, K S, Ca, and Mg)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supplementary PAW irrigations elicited significant increases in leaf composition of several elements (N, P, K S, Ca, and Mg)”
e1“tomato plants ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PAW irrigation increased leaf reflectance, plant size and trichome density, with an exception for adaxial non-glandular trichomes.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Supplementary PAW irrigationse0
- Outcome
- leaf reflectance, plant size, and trichome densitiese0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- except non-glandular trichomes on the adaxial surfacee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supplementary PAW irrigations elicited significant increases in leaf composition of several elements (N, P, K S, Ca, and Mg), leaf reflectance, plant size, and trichome densities (except non-glandular trichomes on the adaxial surface)”
e1“tomato plants ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spider mites avoided settling on leaves from PAW irrigated tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- PAW-irrigated plantse0
- Interactor
- two-spotted spider mitese0pest
- Outcome
- settlinge0
- Direction
- avoidancee0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant avoidance of settling and reduced oviposition by two-spotted spider mites on leaf discs from PAW-irrigated plants compared to those from untreated control plants”
e1“tomato plants ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spider mite oviposition was lower on leaves from PAW irrigated tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- PAW-irrigated plantse0
- Interactor
- two-spotted spider mitese0pest
- Outcome
- oviposition by two-spotted spider mitese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced oviposition by two-spotted spider mites on leaf discs from PAW-irrigated plants compared to those from untreated control plants”
e1“tomato plants ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spider mite populations decreased on PAW irrigated plants.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- PAW-irrigated plantse0
- Interactor
- two-spotted spider mitee0pest
- Outcome
- two-spotted spider mite populationse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant decrease in two-spotted spider mite populations on PAW-irrigated plants”
e1“tomato plants ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PAW 6.0 may perform slightly better than PAW 9.4.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- PAW 6.0e0
- Outcome
- slightly bettere0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- PAW 9.4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PAW 6.0 may be slightly better than PAW 9.4”
e1“tomato plants ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend PAW irrigation as a pest management component.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- PAW as supplementary irrigatione0
- Outcome
- component in twenty-first-century pest managemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applications of PAW as supplementary irrigation are likely highly compatible with other IPM tactics and should be considered an innovative and sustainable component in twenty-first-century pest management”
e1“tomato plants ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
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