Abstract
This experiment was conducted to study the response of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. 'Thuria') to different levels of copper and to reduce the harmful effects of high levels. The plants were grown during two summer seasons between March and July (2022) and repeated between March and July (2023) on a private soilless farm in New Noubaria City, Beheira Governorate. The plants were grown in sandy and peat moss as substrate, copper was added to the tomato plants through the nutrient solution. The Cu concentrations in the nutrient solutions were: control 48 ppb (the Cu concentration in the standard irrigation solution), 96 ppb, 144 ppb, and 192 ppb. On the other hand, protective treatments tested as foliar sprays are proline (Pro1) 40 mmol, proline (Pro2) 80 mmol, melatonin (MT1) 50 µmol, melatonin (MT2) 100 µmol, and the control distilled water. The results obtained from the two seasons indicated that increasing the Cu concentration led to a significant decrease in the fresh weight of roots and aerial parts, fresh and dry weight of the tomato plant, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, and plant productivity in both seasons. The highest mean values for the previous characteristics were achieved by applying Cu at 48 ppb (control treatment). However, the lowest mean values were obtained with the application of Cu at 192 ppb. Regarding the elemental content of tomato plants, the results showed that leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents decreased. In contrast, Cu contents in roots, stems, leaves, and fruits increased with increasing Cu concentrations in the nutrient solution. The chlorophyll content in leaves increased from 48 ppb to 96 ppb copper, decreasing sharply with increasing Cu concentration up to 192 ppb. Meanwhile, the protein and proline contents of the leaves decreased as the Cu concentration increased. The roots and leaf's contents of hydrogen peroxide, MDA, catalase enzyme activity, and superoxide dismutase increased with increasing Cu concentration. However, using proline (Pro1) 40 mmol, proline (Pro2) 80 mmol, melatonin (MT1) 50 μmol, and melatonin (MT2) 100 μmol, led to the plant's leaves having more nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and chlorophyll, which was reflected in improved plant growth characteristics compared with the control under different copper levels. It also improved the antioxidant content in the roots and leaves, which helped increase the number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, and plant productivity. The outcome of this research suggested the possibility of using 100 μmol melatonin (MT2) and proline(Pro2) 80 mmol to reduce the harmful effects of excess copper in tomato plants.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing copper concentration significantly decreased fresh weight of roots and aerial parts and fresh and dry plant weight of tomato in both seasons.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- increasing the Cu concentratione1
- Outcome
- fresh weight of roots and aerial parts, fresh and dry weight of the tomato plante1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Qualifier
- in both seasonse1
- Comparator
- Cu at 48 ppb (control treatment)e0
- Setting
- open soilless systemt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Copper Stress in Tomato Plants using Proline and Melatonin in an Open Soilless System”
e1“increasing the Cu concentration led to a significant decrease in the fresh weight of roots and aerial parts, fresh and dry weight of the tomato plant, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, and plant productivity in both seasons”
e0“The highest mean values for the previous characteristics were achieved by applying Cu at 48 ppb (control treatment)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing copper concentration significantly decreased fruit number, average fruit weight and plant productivity of tomato in both seasons.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing the Cu concentratione1
- Outcome
- number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, and plant productivitye1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Qualifier
- in both seasonse1
- Comparator
- Cu at 48 ppb (control treatment)e0
- Setting
- open soilless systemt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Copper Stress in Tomato Plants using Proline and Melatonin in an Open Soilless System”
e1“increasing the Cu concentration led to a significant decrease in the fresh weight of roots and aerial parts, fresh and dry weight of the tomato plant, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, and plant productivity in both seasons”
e0“The highest mean values for the previous characteristics were achieved by applying Cu at 48 ppb (control treatment)”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest copper level (192 ppb) decreased leaf nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- application of Cu at 192 ppbe2
- Outcome
- leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contentse2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- Cu at 48 ppb (control treatment)e0
- Setting
- open soilless systemt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Copper Stress in Tomato Plants using Proline and Melatonin in an Open Soilless System”
e2“However, the lowest mean values were obtained with the application of Cu at 192 ppb. Regarding the elemental content of tomato plants, the results showed that leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents decreased”
e0“The highest mean values for the previous characteristics were achieved by applying Cu at 48 ppb (control treatment)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing copper concentration in the nutrient solution increased copper contents in roots, stems, leaves and fruits of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing Cu concentrations in the nutrient solutione3
- Outcome
- Cu contents in roots, stems, leaves, and fruitse3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Setting
- open soilless systemt0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Copper Stress in Tomato Plants using Proline and Melatonin in an Open Soilless System”
e3“Cu contents in roots, stems, leaves, and fruits increased with increasing Cu concentrations in the nutrient solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll content of tomato leaves increased from 48 to 96 ppb copper and then decreased sharply up to 192 ppb.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing Cu concentratione4
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content in leavese4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- decreasing sharply with increasing Cu concentration up to 192 ppbe4
- Comparator
- 48 ppbe4
- Setting
- open soilless systemt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Copper Stress in Tomato Plants using Proline and Melatonin in an Open Soilless System”
e4“The chlorophyll content in leaves increased from 48 ppb to 96 ppb copper, decreasing sharply with increasing Cu concentration up to 192 ppb”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing copper concentration decreased protein and proline contents of tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- the Cu concentration increasede5
- Outcome
- protein and proline contents of the leavese5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Setting
- open soilless systemt0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Copper Stress in Tomato Plants using Proline and Melatonin in an Open Soilless System”
e5“Meanwhile, the protein and proline contents of the leaves decreased as the Cu concentration increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing copper concentration increased hydrogen peroxide, MDA and catalase activity in tomato roots and leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- roots and leaf'se6
- Treatment
- increasing Cu concentratione6
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide, MDA, catalase enzyme activitye6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Setting
- open soilless systemt0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Copper Stress in Tomato Plants using Proline and Melatonin in an Open Soilless System”
e6“The roots and leaf's contents of hydrogen peroxide, MDA, catalase enzyme activity, and superoxide dismutase increased with increasing Cu concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing copper concentration increased superoxide dismutase in tomato roots and leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- roots and leaf'se6
- Treatment
- increasing Cu concentratione6
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Setting
- open soilless systemt0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Copper Stress in Tomato Plants using Proline and Melatonin in an Open Soilless System”
e6“The roots and leaf's contents of hydrogen peroxide, MDA, catalase enzyme activity, and superoxide dismutase increased with increasing Cu concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline sprays gave tomato leaves more nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and chlorophyll than the control under copper stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- proline (Pro1) 40 mmol, proline (Pro2) 80 mmole1
- Outcome
- nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and chlorophylle2
- Direction
- moree2
- Comparator
- the controle2
- Setting
- open soilless systemt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Copper Stress in Tomato Plants using Proline and Melatonin in an Open Soilless System”
e1“using proline (Pro1) 40 mmol, proline (Pro2) 80 mmol”
e2“led to the plant's leaves having more nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and chlorophyll, which was reflected in improved plant growth characteristics compared with the control under different copper levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin (MT2) sprays gave tomato leaves more nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and chlorophyll than the control under copper stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- melatonin (MT2) 100e1
- Outcome
- nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and chlorophylle2
- Direction
- moree2
- Comparator
- the controle2
- Setting
- open soilless systemt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Copper Stress in Tomato Plants using Proline and Melatonin in an Open Soilless System”
e1“and melatonin (MT2) 100”
e2“led to the plant's leaves having more nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and chlorophyll, which was reflected in improved plant growth characteristics compared with the control under different copper levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline sprays improved plant growth characteristics of tomato compared with the control under copper stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- proline (Pro1) 40 mmol, proline (Pro2) 80 mmole1
- Outcome
- plant growth characteristicse2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Comparator
- the controle2
- Setting
- open soilless systemt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Copper Stress in Tomato Plants using Proline and Melatonin in an Open Soilless System”
e1“using proline (Pro1) 40 mmol, proline (Pro2) 80 mmol”
e2“led to the plant's leaves having more nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and chlorophyll, which was reflected in improved plant growth characteristics compared with the control under different copper levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin (MT2) sprays improved plant growth characteristics of tomato compared with the control under copper stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- melatonin (MT2) 100e1
- Outcome
- plant growth characteristicse2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Comparator
- the controle2
- Setting
- open soilless systemt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Copper Stress in Tomato Plants using Proline and Melatonin in an Open Soilless System”
e1“and melatonin (MT2) 100”
e2“led to the plant's leaves having more nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and chlorophyll, which was reflected in improved plant growth characteristics compared with the control under different copper levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline and melatonin treatments improved the antioxidant content of tomato roots and leaves under copper stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- roots and leavese1
- Treatment
- proline (Pro1) 40 mmol, proline (Pro2) 80 mmole2
- Outcome
- antioxidant contente1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Setting
- open soilless systemt0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Copper Stress in Tomato Plants using Proline and Melatonin in an Open Soilless System”
e1“It also improved the antioxidant content in the roots and leaves, which helped increase the number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, and plant productivity”
e2“using proline (Pro1) 40 mmol, proline (Pro2) 80 mmol”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline and melatonin treatments helped increase fruit number, average fruit weight and plant productivity of tomato under copper stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- proline (Pro1) 40 mmol, proline (Pro2) 80 mmole2
- Outcome
- number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, and plant productivitye1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Setting
- open soilless systemt0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Copper Stress in Tomato Plants using Proline and Melatonin in an Open Soilless System”
e1“It also improved the antioxidant content in the roots and leaves, which helped increase the number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, and plant productivity”
e2“using proline (Pro1) 40 mmol, proline (Pro2) 80 mmol”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that melatonin (MT2) and proline (Pro2) can reduce the harmful effects of excess copper in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- harmful effects of excess coppere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alleviation of Copper Stress in Tomato Plants using Proline and Melatonin in an Open Soilless System”
e1“to reduce the harmful effects of excess copper in tomato plants”
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8 of 13 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.