Abstract
Soil salinization is one of the leading threats to global ecosystems, food security, and crop production. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) are potential bioinoculants that offer an alternative eco-friendly agricultural approach to enhance crop productivity from salt-deteriorating lands. The current work presents bacterial strain CNUC13 from maize rhizosphere soil that exerted several PGPR traits and abiotic stress tolerance. The strain tolerated up to 1000 mM NaCl and 30% polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and showed plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits, including the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and siderophore as well as phosphate solubilization. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain CNUC13 was Microbacterium azadirachtae. Maize plants exposed to high salinity exhibited osmotic and oxidative stresses, inhibition of seed germination, plant growth, and reduction in photosynthetic pigments. However, maize seedlings inoculated with strain CNUC13 resulted in significantly improved germination rates and seedling growth under the salt-stressed condition. Specifically, compared with the untreated control group, CNUC13-treated seedlings exhibited increased biomass, including fresh weight and root system proliferation. CNUC13 treatment also enhanced photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids), reduced the accumulation of osmotic (proline) and oxidative (hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde) stress indicators, and positively influenced the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase). As a result, CNUC13 treatment alleviated oxidative stress and promoted salt tolerance in maize. Overall, this study demonstrates that M. azadirachtae CNUC13 significantly enhances the growth of salt-stressed maize seedlings by improving photosynthetic efficiency, osmotic regulators, oxidative stress resilience, and antioxidant enzyme activity. These findings emphasize the potential of utilizing M. azadirachtae CNUC13 as a bioinoculant to enhance salt stress tolerance in maize, providing an environmentally friendly approach to mitigate the negative effects of salinity and promote sustainable agriculture.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Strain CNUC13 showed salt and PEG tolerance.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The strain tolerated up to 1000 mM NaCl and 30% polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000”
t0“Maize”
e1“Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain CNUC13 was Microbacterium azadirachtae”
Claim · model-written summary
CNUC13 produced IAA and siderophore and solubilized phosphate.
- Outcome
- production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and siderophore as well as phosphate solubilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“showed plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits, including the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and siderophore as well as phosphate solubilization”
t0“Maize”
e1“Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain CNUC13 was Microbacterium azadirachtae”
Claim · model-written summary
Phylogenetic analysis identified CNUC13 as Microbacterium azadirachtae.
- Interactor
- Microbacterium azadirachtaeMicrobacterium azadirachtaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- strain CNUC13 was Microbacterium azadirachtaee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain CNUC13 was Microbacterium azadirachtae”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
High salinity inhibited maize germination and growth.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize plants exposed to high salinity exhibited osmotic and oxidative stresses, inhibition of seed germination, plant growth, and reduction in photosynthetic pigments”
Claim · model-written summary
High salinity reduced maize photosynthetic pigments.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduction in photosynthetic pigments”
t0“Maize”
e1“Maize plants exposed to high salinity exhibited osmotic and oxidative stresses, inhibition of seed germination, plant growth, and reduction in photosynthetic pigments”
Claim · model-written summary
CNUC13 inoculation improved germination and seedling growth under salt stress.
- Treatment
- inoculated with strain CNUC13e0
- Interactor
- strain CNUC13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- germination rates and seedling growthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize seedlings inoculated with strain CNUC13 resulted in significantly improved germination rates and seedling growth under the salt-stressed condition”
Claim · model-written summary
CNUC13 increased fresh weight compared with untreated controls.
- Treatment
- CNUC13-treatede0
- Interactor
- CNUC13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass, including fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- untreated control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with the untreated control group, CNUC13-treated seedlings exhibited increased biomass, including fresh weight and root system proliferation”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
CNUC13 increased root system proliferation.
- Treatment
- CNUC13-treatede0
- Interactor
- CNUC13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- root system proliferatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CNUC13-treated seedlings exhibited increased biomass, including fresh weight and root system proliferation”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
CNUC13 enhanced chlorophyll and carotenoids.
- Treatment
- CNUC13 treatmente0
- Interactor
- CNUC13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CNUC13 treatment also enhanced photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids)”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
CNUC13 reduced proline accumulation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the accumulation of osmotic (proline) and oxidative (hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde) stress indicators”
t0“Maize”
e1“CNUC13 treatment also enhanced photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids)”
Claim · model-written summary
CNUC13 reduced hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde accumulation.
- Treatment
- CNUC13 treatmente1
- Outcome
- oxidative (hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde) stress indicatorse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the accumulation of osmotic (proline) and oxidative (hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde) stress indicators”
t0“Maize”
e1“CNUC13 treatment also enhanced photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids)”
Claim · model-written summary
CNUC13 altered catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities.
- Treatment
- CNUC13 treatmente1
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“positively influenced the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase)”
t0“Maize”
e1“CNUC13 treatment also enhanced photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids)”
Claim · model-written summary
CNUC13 alleviated oxidative stress and promoted salt tolerance.
- Treatment
- CNUC13 treatmente0
- Outcome
- oxidative stress and promoted salt tolerancee0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CNUC13 treatment alleviated oxidative stress and promoted salt tolerance in maize”
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