Abstract
Water deficit (WD) promotes great losses in agriculture, and the development of new sustainable technologies to mitigate the effects of this stress on plants is essential. This study aimed to evaluate the morphophysiological and biochemical alterations induced by the priming of tomato seeds with different formulations in plants under field capacity and WD conditions. In the first experiment, the treatments consisted of nanoparticles of alginate/chitosan and chitosan/tripolyphosphate containing gibberellic acid (GA3) in different concentrations (0.5, 5, and 50 µg mL−1 GA3), in addition to control with deionized water. The alginate/chitosan (5 µg mL−1 GA3) provided the greatest gains in plant growth under field capacity. In addition, under WD this treatment reduced damage to photosystem II (−14%), stomatal conductance (−13%), and water loss (−38%) and increased the instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (+24%) and intrinsic water use efficiency (+12%). In the second experiment, the treatments were alginate/chitosan nanoparticles containing GA3 (NPGA3 5 µg mL−1), free GA3 (GA3 5 µg mL−1), nanoparticles without GA3 (NP), deionized water (WATER), and non-primed seeds (CONT). Under WD, GA3 and CONT maintained plant growth and lost water rapidly, reducing stomatal conductance (−87%) and net photosynthesis (−69%). In contrast, NPGA3 decreased leaf area (−44%) and increased root-to-shoot ratio (+39%) when compared to GA3, reducing water loss (−28%). Activation of protective mechanisms (e.g., superoxide dismutase and catalase activities) by WATER, NPGA3, and NP treatments also resulted in lower susceptibility to WD compared to CONT and GA3. The results highlight the positive effect of seed priming on plant response to WD, which was enhanced by the use of nanoencapsulated GA3.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Alginate/chitosan nanoparticles with 5 µg mL−1 GA3 gave the greatest gains in tomato plant growth under field capacity.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- alginate/chitosan (5 µg mL−1 GA3)e2
- Outcome
- plant growthe2
- Direction
- greatest gainse2
- Setting
- field capacitye2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study aimed to evaluate the morphophysiological and biochemical alterations induced by the priming of tomato seeds with different formulations in plants under field capacity and WD conditions”
e2“The alginate/chitosan (5 µg mL−1 GA3) provided the greatest gains in plant growth under field capacity”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, alginate/chitosan with 5 µg mL−1 GA3 reduced damage to photosystem II by 14%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- alginate/chitosan (5 µg mL−1 GA3)e2
- Outcome
- damage to photosystem IIe3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- −14%e3
- Qualifier
- under WDe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study aimed to evaluate the morphophysiological and biochemical alterations induced by the priming of tomato seeds with different formulations in plants under field capacity and WD conditions”
e2“The alginate/chitosan (5 µg mL−1 GA3) provided the greatest gains in plant growth under field capacity”
e3“In addition, under WD this treatment reduced damage to photosystem II (−14%), stomatal conductance (−13%), and water loss (−38%) and increased the instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (+24%) and intrinsic water use efficiency (+12%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, alginate/chitosan with 5 µg mL−1 GA3 reduced stomatal conductance by 13%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- alginate/chitosan (5 µg mL−1 GA3)e2
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- −13%e3
- Qualifier
- under WDe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study aimed to evaluate the morphophysiological and biochemical alterations induced by the priming of tomato seeds with different formulations in plants under field capacity and WD conditions”
e2“The alginate/chitosan (5 µg mL−1 GA3) provided the greatest gains in plant growth under field capacity”
e3“In addition, under WD this treatment reduced damage to photosystem II (−14%), stomatal conductance (−13%), and water loss (−38%) and increased the instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (+24%) and intrinsic water use efficiency (+12%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, alginate/chitosan with 5 µg mL−1 GA3 reduced water loss by 38%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- alginate/chitosan (5 µg mL−1 GA3)e2
- Outcome
- water losse3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- −38%e3
- Qualifier
- under WDe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study aimed to evaluate the morphophysiological and biochemical alterations induced by the priming of tomato seeds with different formulations in plants under field capacity and WD conditions”
e2“The alginate/chitosan (5 µg mL−1 GA3) provided the greatest gains in plant growth under field capacity”
e3“In addition, under WD this treatment reduced damage to photosystem II (−14%), stomatal conductance (−13%), and water loss (−38%) and increased the instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (+24%) and intrinsic water use efficiency (+12%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, alginate/chitosan with 5 µg mL−1 GA3 increased instantaneous carboxylation efficiency by 24%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- alginate/chitosan (5 µg mL−1 GA3)e2
- Outcome
- instantaneous carboxylation efficiencye3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- +24%e3
- Qualifier
- under WDe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study aimed to evaluate the morphophysiological and biochemical alterations induced by the priming of tomato seeds with different formulations in plants under field capacity and WD conditions”
e2“The alginate/chitosan (5 µg mL−1 GA3) provided the greatest gains in plant growth under field capacity”
e3“In addition, under WD this treatment reduced damage to photosystem II (−14%), stomatal conductance (−13%), and water loss (−38%) and increased the instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (+24%) and intrinsic water use efficiency (+12%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, alginate/chitosan with 5 µg mL−1 GA3 increased intrinsic water use efficiency by 12%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- alginate/chitosan (5 µg mL−1 GA3)e2
- Outcome
- intrinsic water use efficiencye3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- +12%e3
- Qualifier
- under WDe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study aimed to evaluate the morphophysiological and biochemical alterations induced by the priming of tomato seeds with different formulations in plants under field capacity and WD conditions”
e2“The alginate/chitosan (5 µg mL−1 GA3) provided the greatest gains in plant growth under field capacity”
e3“In addition, under WD this treatment reduced damage to photosystem II (−14%), stomatal conductance (−13%), and water loss (−38%) and increased the instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (+24%) and intrinsic water use efficiency (+12%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, GA3 and CONT reduced stomatal conductance by 87%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- WDe4
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee4
- Direction
- reducinge4
- Value
- −87%e4
- Qualifier
- GA3 and CONTe4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study aimed to evaluate the morphophysiological and biochemical alterations induced by the priming of tomato seeds with different formulations in plants under field capacity and WD conditions”
e4“Under WD, GA3 and CONT maintained plant growth and lost water rapidly, reducing stomatal conductance (−87%) and net photosynthesis (−69%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, GA3 and CONT reduced net photosynthesis by 69%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- WDe4
- Outcome
- net photosynthesise4
- Direction
- reducinge4
- Value
- −69%e4
- Qualifier
- GA3 and CONTe4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study aimed to evaluate the morphophysiological and biochemical alterations induced by the priming of tomato seeds with different formulations in plants under field capacity and WD conditions”
e4“Under WD, GA3 and CONT maintained plant growth and lost water rapidly, reducing stomatal conductance (−87%) and net photosynthesis (−69%)”
Claim · model-written summary
NPGA3 decreased leaf area by 44% compared with GA3.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- NPGA3e5
- Outcome
- leaf areae5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- −44%e5
- Comparator
- GA3e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study aimed to evaluate the morphophysiological and biochemical alterations induced by the priming of tomato seeds with different formulations in plants under field capacity and WD conditions”
e5“In contrast, NPGA3 decreased leaf area (−44%) and increased root-to-shoot ratio (+39%) when compared to GA3, reducing water loss (−28%)”
Claim · model-written summary
NPGA3 increased the root-to-shoot ratio by 39% compared with GA3.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- NPGA3e5
- Outcome
- root-to-shoot ratioe5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- +39%e5
- Comparator
- GA3e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study aimed to evaluate the morphophysiological and biochemical alterations induced by the priming of tomato seeds with different formulations in plants under field capacity and WD conditions”
e5“In contrast, NPGA3 decreased leaf area (−44%) and increased root-to-shoot ratio (+39%) when compared to GA3, reducing water loss (−28%)”
Claim · model-written summary
NPGA3 reduced water loss by 28% compared with GA3.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- NPGA3e5
- Outcome
- water losse5
- Direction
- reducinge5
- Value
- −28%e5
- Comparator
- GA3e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study aimed to evaluate the morphophysiological and biochemical alterations induced by the priming of tomato seeds with different formulations in plants under field capacity and WD conditions”
e5“In contrast, NPGA3 decreased leaf area (−44%) and increased root-to-shoot ratio (+39%) when compared to GA3, reducing water loss (−28%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Protective mechanisms activated by WATER, NPGA3 and NP treatments gave lower susceptibility to water deficit than CONT and GA3.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- WATER, NPGA3, and NP treatmentse6
- Outcome
- susceptibility to WDe6
- Direction
- lowere6
- Qualifier
- superoxide dismutase and catalase activitiese6
- Comparator
- CONT and GA3e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study aimed to evaluate the morphophysiological and biochemical alterations induced by the priming of tomato seeds with different formulations in plants under field capacity and WD conditions”
e6“Activation of protective mechanisms (e.g., superoxide dismutase and catalase activities) by WATER, NPGA3, and NP treatments also resulted in lower susceptibility to WD compared to CONT and GA3”
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8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.