Abstract
Elicitors such as chitosan have been investigated for their potential to alleviate the adverse effects of environmental stress on plants. A split-plot experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications to examine the effects of chitosan and its derivatives on the performance of greenhouse tomato cv. Dafnis under deficit irrigation (DI) conditions. The experimental factors included irrigation levels (well-watered; WW as control, moderate (MD) and severe (SD) deficit irrigation) as the main factor, and foliar application of elicitors as the sub-factor, which included a control group (untreated plants), chitosan, and the chitosan derivatives N-Succinyl (NSU) and N, O-dicarboxymethylate (NOD). The study found that chitosan and its derivatives, particularly NSU, resulted in increased levels of leaf abscisic acid (ABA), reduced stomatal conductance (gs), decreased transpiration rate (TR), and consequently an increase in net photosynthesis (P n ) under DI conditions compared to untreated plants, with increases of 18 %, 22.0 %, 18.9 %, 27.4 %, and 8 %, respectively. While the interaction between DI and elicitors had no significant effect on peroxidase (POD), lycopene content, or total flavonoid content (TFC), NSU increased catalase (CAT) activity by 66.9 % compared to the control under SD conditions. In SD conditions, chitosan resulted in the highest total phenolic content (TPC), while NSU was most effective under WW and MD conditions. Elicitors, especially NSU, mitigated the negative effects of SD on total and marketable fruit yield (TFY and MFY). Under SD conditions, NSU-treated plants exhibited the highest MFY (104.7 tons ha -1 ) and TFY (115.4 tons ha -1 ), representing increases of 54.2 % and 33.3 % from the control, respectively. Additionally, deficit irrigation improved water use efficiency (WUE) indices in tomato plants, by reducing water consumption. The application of elicitors further enhanced these indices by increasing leaf ABA, lowering g s and TR, increasing TFY and MFY, and decreasing unmarketable fruit yield (UFY). These results suggest that exploring chitosan derivatives for greenhouse tomatoes could enhance crop performance by improving WUE, fruit yield, and quality under deficit irrigation conditions. Based on these findings, NSU is proposed as a biological elicitor to mitigate the negative effects of water scarcity on tomatoes. However, further research is needed to assess its effectiveness in other crop plants.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan derivatives increased leaf ABA under deficit irrigation.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- chitosan and its derivativese0
- Outcome
- leaf abscisic acid (ABA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chitosan and its derivatives, particularly NSU, resulted in increased levels of leaf abscisic acid (ABA), reduced stomatal conductance (gs), decreased transpiration rate (TR), and consequently an increase in net photosynthesis (P n ) under DI conditions compared to untreated plants”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan derivatives reduced stomatal conductance under deficit irrigation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- chitosan and its derivativese0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance (gs)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chitosan and its derivatives, particularly NSU, resulted in increased levels of leaf abscisic acid (ABA), reduced stomatal conductance (gs), decreased transpiration rate (TR), and consequently an increase in net photosynthesis (P n ) under DI conditions compared to untreated plants”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan derivatives decreased transpiration under deficit irrigation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- chitosan and its derivativese0
- Outcome
- transpiration rate (TR)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chitosan and its derivatives, particularly NSU, resulted in increased levels of leaf abscisic acid (ABA), reduced stomatal conductance (gs), decreased transpiration rate (TR), and consequently an increase in net photosynthesis (P n ) under DI conditions compared to untreated plants”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan derivatives increased net photosynthesis under deficit irrigation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- chitosan and its derivativese0
- Outcome
- net photosynthesis (P n )e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chitosan and its derivatives, particularly NSU, resulted in increased levels of leaf abscisic acid (ABA), reduced stomatal conductance (gs), decreased transpiration rate (TR), and consequently an increase in net photosynthesis (P n ) under DI conditions compared to untreated plants”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation and elicitors had no significant interaction effect on POD, lycopene content or TFC.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- interaction between DI and elicitorse0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD), lycopene content, or total flavonoid content (TFC)e0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the interaction between DI and elicitors had no significant effect on peroxidase (POD), lycopene content, or total flavonoid content (TFC)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
NSU increased CAT activity by 66.9% under severe deficit.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NSUe0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT) activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 66.9 %e0
- Qualifier
- SD conditionse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NSU increased catalase (CAT) activity by 66.9 % compared to the control under SD conditions”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan gave the highest TPC under severe deficit.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Outcome
- total phenolic content (TPC)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- SD conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In SD conditions, chitosan resulted in the highest total phenolic content (TPC)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
NSU was most effective for TPC under well watered and moderate deficit conditions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NSUe0
- Outcome
- most effectivee0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Qualifier
- WW and MD conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while NSU was most effective under WW and MD conditions”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Elicitors mitigated severe deficit effects on total and marketable yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Elicitors, especially NSUe0
- Outcome
- total and marketable fruit yield (TFY and MFY)e0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elicitors, especially NSU, mitigated the negative effects of SD on total and marketable fruit yield (TFY and MFY)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Under severe deficit NSU plants had 104.7 tons ha -1 marketable fruit yield, 54.2% above control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NSU-treatede0
- Outcome
- MFYe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 104.7 tons ha -1e0
- Qualifier
- 54.2 %e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under SD conditions, NSU-treated plants exhibited the highest MFY (104.7 tons ha -1 ) and TFY (115.4 tons ha -1 ), representing increases of 54.2 % and 33.3 % from the control, respectively”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Under severe deficit NSU plants had 115.4 tons ha -1 total fruit yield, 33.3% above control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NSU-treatede0
- Outcome
- TFYe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 115.4 tons ha -1e0
- Qualifier
- 33.3 %e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under SD conditions, NSU-treated plants exhibited the highest MFY (104.7 tons ha -1 ) and TFY (115.4 tons ha -1 ), representing increases of 54.2 % and 33.3 % from the control, respectively”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation improved WUE indices by reducing water consumption.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE) indicese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deficit irrigation improved water use efficiency (WUE) indices in tomato plants, by reducing water consumption”
Claim · model-written summary
Elicitors enhanced WUE indices.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- application of elicitorse0
- Outcome
- these indicese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of elicitors further enhanced these indices by increasing leaf ABA, lowering g s and TR, increasing TFY and MFY, and decreasing unmarketable fruit yield (UFY)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Elicitors decreased unmarketable fruit yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- application of elicitorse0
- Outcome
- unmarketable fruit yield (UFY)e0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of elicitors further enhanced these indices by increasing leaf ABA, lowering g s and TR, increasing TFY and MFY, and decreasing unmarketable fruit yield (UFY)”
t0“Elicitor potential of chitosan and its derivatives to enhancing greenhouse tomato”
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.