Abstract
BACKGROUND: Grafting is widely used as an important agronomic approach to deal with environmental stresses. However, the molecular mechanism of grafted tomato scions in response to biotic stress and growth regulation has yet to be fully understood. RESULTS: This study investigated the resistance and growth performance of tomato scions grafted onto various rootstocks. A scion from a gray leaf spot-susceptible tomato cultivar was grafted onto tomato, eggplant, and pepper rootstocks, creating three grafting combinations: one self-grafting of tomato/tomato (TT), and two interspecific graftings, namely tomato/eggplant (TE) and tomato/pepper (TP). The study utilized transcriptome and DNA methylome analyses to explore the regulatory mechanisms behind the resistance and growth traits in the interspecific graftings. Results indicated that interspecific grafting significantly enhanced resistance to gray leaf spot and improved fruit quality, though fruit yield was decreased compared to self-grafting. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that, compared to self-grafting, interspecific graftings triggered stronger wounding response and endogenous immune pathways, while restricting genes related to cell cycle pathways, especially in the TP grafting. Methylome data revealed that the TP grafting had more hypermethylated regions at CHG (H = A, C, or T) and CHH sites than the TT grafting. Furthermore, the TP grafting exhibited increased methylation levels in cell cycle related genes, such as DNA primase and ligase, while several genes related to defense kinases showed decreased methylation levels. Notably, several kinase transcripts were also confirmed among the rootstock-specific mobile transcripts. CONCLUSIONS: The study concludes that interspecific grafting alters gene methylation patterns, thereby activating defense responses and inhibiting the cell cycle in tomato scions. This mechanism is crucial in enhancing resistance to gray leaf spot and reducing growth in grafted tomato scions. These findings offer new insights into the genetic and epigenetic contributions to agronomic trait improvements through interspecific grafting.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Interspecific grafting increased resistance to gray leaf spot.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- interspecific graftinge0
- Outcome
- resistance to gray leaf spote0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- self-graftinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interspecific grafting significantly enhanced resistance to gray leaf spot and improved fruit quality, though fruit yield was decreased compared to self-grafting”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Interspecific grafting improved fruit quality.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- interspecific graftinge0
- Outcome
- fruit qualitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- self-graftinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interspecific grafting significantly enhanced resistance to gray leaf spot and improved fruit quality, though fruit yield was decreased compared to self-grafting”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Interspecific grafting decreased fruit yield versus self-grafting.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- interspecific graftinge0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- self-graftinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interspecific grafting significantly enhanced resistance to gray leaf spot and improved fruit quality, though fruit yield was decreased compared to self-grafting”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Interspecific grafts triggered stronger wounding and immune pathways.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- interspecific graftingse0
- Outcome
- wounding response and endogenous immune pathwayse0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- self-graftinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to self-grafting, interspecific graftings triggered stronger wounding response and endogenous immune pathways”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Interspecific grafts restricted cell-cycle genes, particularly TP.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- TP graftinge0
- Outcome
- genes related to cell cycle pathwayse0
- Direction
- restrictinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“restricting genes related to cell cycle pathways, especially in the TP grafting”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
TP had more CHG and CHH hypermethylated regions than TT.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- TP graftinge0
- Outcome
- hypermethylated regions at CHG (H = A, C, or T) and CHH sitese0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- TT graftinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the TP grafting had more hypermethylated regions at CHG (H = A, C, or T) and CHH sites than the TT grafting”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
TP increased methylation of cell-cycle genes including DNA primase and ligase.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- TP graftinge0
- Gene
- DNA primase and ligasee0
- Outcome
- methylation levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TP grafting exhibited increased methylation levels in cell cycle related genes, such as DNA primase and ligase”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Several defense kinase genes showed decreased methylation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- defense kinasese0
- Outcome
- methylation levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“several genes related to defense kinases showed decreased methylation levels”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Several kinase transcripts were confirmed as rootstock-specific mobile transcripts.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- kinase transcripts were also confirmed among the rootstock-specific mobile transcriptse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“several kinase transcripts were also confirmed among the rootstock-specific mobile transcripts”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attribute increased resistance and reduced growth to changed methylation activating defense and inhibiting cell cycle.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- interspecific graftinge0
- Outcome
- activating defense responses and inhibiting the cell cyclee0
- Qualifier
- alters gene methylation patternse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interspecific grafting alters gene methylation patterns, thereby activating defense responses and inhibiting the cell cycle in tomato scions”
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