Abstract
Horticultural crops constantly face abiotic stress factors such as salinity, which have intensified in recent years due to accelerated climate change, significantly affecting their yields and profitability. Under these conditions, it has become necessary to implement effective and sustainable solutions to guarantee agricultural productivity and food security. The influence of BALOX ® , a biostimulant of plant origin, was tested on the responses to salinity of Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia plants exposed to salt concentrations up to 150 mM NaCl, evaluating different biometric and biochemical properties after 25 days of treatment. Control plants were cultivated under the same conditions but without the biostimulant treatment. An in situ analysis of root characteristics using a non-destructive, real-time method was also performed. The salt stress treatments inhibited plant growth, reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and increased the concentrations of Na + and Cl - in roots and leaves while reducing those of Ca 2+ . BALOX ® application had a positive effect because it stimulated plant growth and the level of Ca 2+ and photosynthetic pigments. In addition, it reduced the content of Na + and Cl - in the presence and the absence of salt. The biostimulant also reduced the salt-induced accumulation of stress biomarkers, such as proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). Therefore, BALOX ® appears to significantly reduce osmotic, ionic and oxidative stress levels in salt-treated plants. Furthermore, the analysis of the salt treatments’ and the biostimulant’s direct effects on roots indicated that BALOX ® ’s primary mechanism of action probably involves improving plant nutrition, even under severe salt stress conditions, by protecting and stimulating the root absorption zone.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress inhibited lettuce growth.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- salt stress treatmentse0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The salt stress treatments inhibited plant growth”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid contents.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- salt stresst1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll and carotenoid contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid contents”
t0“lettuce”
t1“The salt stress treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased Na+ and Cl- concentrations in roots and leaves.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roots and leavese0
- Treatment
- salt stresst1
- Outcome
- concentrations of Na + and Cl -e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the concentrations of Na + and Cl - in roots and leaves”
t0“lettuce”
t1“The salt stress treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced Ca2+ concentration.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- salt stresst1
- Outcome
- Ca 2+e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while reducing those of Ca 2+ .”
t0“lettuce”
t1“The salt stress treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
BALOX stimulated plant growth.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- BALOX ® applicatione0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Comparator
- Control plantst1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BALOX ® application had a positive effect because it stimulated plant growth”
t0“lettuce”
t1“Control plants were cultivated under the same conditions but without the biostimulant treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
BALOX increased Ca2+ levels and photosynthetic pigments.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- BALOX ®t1
- Outcome
- level of Ca 2+ and photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it stimulated plant growth and the level of Ca 2+ and photosynthetic pigments.”
t0“lettuce”
t1“BALOX ® application”
Claim · model-written summary
BALOX reduced Na+ and Cl- content with or without salt.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- BALOX ®t1
- Outcome
- content of Na + and Cl -e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- in the presence and the absence of salte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it reduced the content of Na + and Cl - in the presence and the absence of salt.”
t0“lettuce”
t1“BALOX ® application”
Claim · model-written summary
BALOX reduced salt-induced proline, MDA and hydrogen peroxide accumulation.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- biostimulante0
- Outcome
- salt-induced accumulation of stress biomarkers, such as proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The biostimulant also reduced the salt-induced accumulation of stress biomarkers, such as proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ).”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
BALOX appears to significantly reduce osmotic, ionic and oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- BALOX ®e0
- Outcome
- osmotic, ionic and oxidative stress levelse0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Qualifier
- salt-treated plantse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BALOX ® appears to significantly reduce osmotic, ionic and oxidative stress levels in salt-treated plants.”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose root absorption-zone protection and stimulation as the main BALOX mechanism.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Organ / stage
- root absorption zonee0
- Treatment
- BALOX ®e0
- Outcome
- improving plant nutritione0
- Qualifier
- even under severe salt stress conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BALOX ® ’s primary mechanism of action probably involves improving plant nutrition, even under severe salt stress conditions, by protecting and stimulating the root absorption zone.”
t0“lettuce”
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