Abstract
Abstract The experiment aimed to investigate the impact of foliar application of spermidine on the physiological and reproductive aspects of chickpea genotypes subjected to salt stress, with a focus on its consequences for seed quality. The study involved treating chickpea genotypes (CSG 8962, HC 3, HC 5, RSG 931) with 4 and 8 dSm −1 Cl − dominate salinity during the seedling stage, and application of 0.5 and 1.0 mM spermidine at the flowering stage. Result revealed that salinity significantly reduced chlorophyll and membrane stability index by approximately 46.97% and 23.19%, respectively. Concurrently, pollen germination and viability decreased about 14.14% and 22.24%, leading to a substantial decline in seed protein content (37.70%) at 8 dSm −1 salinity. While there was an increase in antioxidant activity (45.83%), phenol content decreased in response to salinity stress. Foliar application of spermidine (0.5 and 1.0 mM) proved to be a promising intervention, enhancing chlorophyll stability and phenol content by approximately 24.35% and 36.05%, respectively, at 8 dSm −1 salinity. This improvement is associated with a notable 20.01% increase in pollen viability, resulting in a subsequent rise in protein content by about 20.73% at 1.0 mM spermidine. Additionally, the application of spermidine mitigated Na + ion accumulation in chickpea seeds. The findings underscore the varying performance of chickpea genotypes under salinity stress, with CSG 8962 and RSG 931 exhibiting poorer outcomes compared to other genotypes. Notably, the positive impact of spermidine was more pronounced, especially with the use of 1.0 mM spermidine, which demonstrated a more significant positive effect in salt-sensitive chickpea genotypes. These results emphasize the potential of spermidine as a strategic tool in alleviating the adverse effects of salinity on chickpea crops, offering valuable insights for the development of sustainable practices to enhance chickpea resilience and seed quality under challenging environmental conditions.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced chlorophyll by about 46.97%.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- chlorophylle0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 46.97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e0“salinity significantly reduced chlorophyll and membrane stability index by approximately 46.97% and 23.19%”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced membrane stability index by about 23.19%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- membrane stability indexe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 23.19%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e0“salinity significantly reduced chlorophyll and membrane stability index by approximately 46.97% and 23.19%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity, pollen germination decreased by about 14.14%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- pollen germinatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 14.14%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e0“pollen germination and viability decreased about 14.14% and 22.24%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity, pollen viability decreased by about 22.24%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- viabilitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 22.24%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e0“pollen germination and viability decreased about 14.14% and 22.24%”
Claim · model-written summary
At 8 dSm −1 salinity, seed protein content declined by 37.70%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Organ / stage
- seede0
- Treatment
- 8 dSm −1 salinitye0
- Outcome
- seed protein contente0
- Direction
- declinee0
- Value
- 37.70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e0“decline in seed protein content (37.70%) at 8 dSm −1 salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased antioxidant activity by 45.83%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 45.83%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e0“increase in antioxidant activity (45.83%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenol content decreased under salinity stress.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- phenol contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e0“phenol content decreased in response to salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spermidine enhanced chlorophyll stability by about 24.35% at 8 dSm −1 salinity.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of spermidine (0.5 and 1.0 mM)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll stabilitye0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- 24.35%e0
- Qualifier
- 8 dSm −1 salinitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e0“Foliar application of spermidine (0.5 and 1.0 mM) proved to be a promising intervention, enhancing chlorophyll stability and phenol content by approximately 24.35% and 36.05%, respectively, at 8 dSm −1 salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spermidine enhanced phenol content by about 36.05% at 8 dSm −1 salinity.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of spermidine (0.5 and 1.0 mM)e0
- Outcome
- phenol contente0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- 36.05%e0
- Qualifier
- 8 dSm −1 salinitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e0“Foliar application of spermidine (0.5 and 1.0 mM) proved to be a promising intervention, enhancing chlorophyll stability and phenol content by approximately 24.35% and 36.05%, respectively, at 8 dSm −1 salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine was associated with a 20.01% increase in pollen viability.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- pollen viabilitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 20.01%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e0“This improvement is associated with a notable 20.01% increase in pollen viability”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1.0 mM spermidine, protein content rose by about 20.73%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- 1.0 mM spermidinee0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- risee0
- Value
- 20.73%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e0“subsequent rise in protein content by about 20.73% at 1.0 mM spermidine”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine mitigated Na + ion accumulation in chickpea seeds.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- application of spermidinee0
- Outcome
- Na + ion accumulatione0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e0“the application of spermidine mitigated Na + ion accumulation in chickpea seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
CSG 8962 and RSG 931 performed more poorly than other chickpea genotypes under salinity stress.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- CSG 8962 and RSG 931e0
- Outcome
- poorer outcomese0
- Direction
- poorere0
- Comparator
- other genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e0“CSG 8962 and RSG 931 exhibiting poorer outcomes compared to other genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
The positive effect of 1.0 mM spermidine was more pronounced in salt-sensitive chickpea genotypes.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- salt-sensitive chickpea genotypese0
- Treatment
- 1.0 mM spermidinee0
- Outcome
- positive effecte0
- Direction
- more significante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e0“1.0 mM spermidine, which demonstrated a more significant positive effect in salt-sensitive chickpea genotypes”
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See all 18 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.