Abstract
Sensor-based decision tools provide a quick assessment of nutritional and physiological health status of crop, thereby enhancing the crop productivity. Therefore, a 2-year field study was undertaken with precision nutrient and irrigation management under system of crop intensification (SCI) to understand the applicability of sensor-based decision tools in improving the physiological performance, water productivity, and seed yield of soybean crop. The experiment consisted of three irrigation regimes [I 1 : standard flood irrigation at 50% depletion of available soil moisture (DASM) (FI), I 2 : sprinkler irrigation at 80% ET C (crop evapo-transpiration) (Spr 80% ET C ), and I 3 : sprinkler irrigation at 60% ET C (Spr 60% ET C )] assigned in main plots, with five precision nutrient management (PNM) practices{PNM 1 -[SCI protocol], PNM 2 -[RDF, recommended dose of fertilizer: basal dose incorporated (50% N, full dose of P and K)], PNM 3 -[RDF: basal dose point placement (BDP) (50% N, full dose of P and K)], PNM 4 -[75% RDF: BDP (50% N, full dose of P and K)] and PNM 5 -[50% RDF: BDP (50% N, full P and K)]} assigned in sub-plots using a split-plot design with three replications. The remaining 50% N was top-dressed through SPAD assistance for all the PNM practices. Results showed that the adoption of Spr 80% ET C resulted in an increment of 25.6%, 17.6%, 35.4%, and 17.5% in net-photosynthetic rate (P n ), transpiration rate (T r ), stomatal conductance (G s ), and intercellular CO 2 concentration (C i ), respectively, over FI. Among PNM plots, adoption of PNM 3 resulted in a significant ( p =0.05) improvement in photosynthetic characters like P n (15.69 µ mol CO 2 m −2 s −1 ), T r (7.03 m mol H 2 O m −2 s− 1 ), G s (0.175 µmol CO 2 mol −1 year −1 ), and C i (271.7 mol H 2 O m 2 s −1 ). Enhancement in SPAD (27% and 30%) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (42% and 52%) values were observed with nitrogen (N) top dressing through SPAD-guided nutrient management, helped enhance crop growth indices, coupled with better dry matter partitioning and interception of sunlight. Canopy temperature depression (CTD) in soybean reduced by 3.09–4.66°C due to adoption of sprinkler irrigation. Likewise, Spr 60% ETc recorded highest irrigation water productivity (1.08 kg ha −1 m −3 ). However, economic water productivity (27.5 INR ha −1 m −3 ) and water-use efficiency (7.6 kg ha −1 mm −1 day −1 ) of soybean got enhanced under Spr 80% ETc over conventional cultivation. Multiple correlation and PCA showed a positive correlation between physiological, growth, and yield parameters of soybean. Concurrently, the adoption of Spr 80% ET C with PNM 3 recorded significantly higher grain yield (2.63 t ha −1 ) and biological yield (8.37 t ha −1 ) over other combinations. Thus, the performance of SCI protocols under sprinkler irrigation was found to be superior over conventional practices. Hence, integrating SCI with sensor-based precision nutrient and irrigation management could be a viable option for enhancing the crop productivity and enhance the resource-use efficiency in soybean under similar agro-ecological regions.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Spr 80% ET C increased net photosynthesis 25.6% over flood irrigation.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- Spr 80% ET Ce0
- Outcome
- net-photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- incremente0
- Value
- 25.6%e0
- Comparator
- FIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spr 80% ET C resulted in an increment of 25.6%, 17.6%, 35.4%, and 17.5% in net-photosynthetic rate (P n ), transpiration rate (T r ), stomatal conductance (G s ), and intercellular CO 2 concentration (C i ), respectively, over FI.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Spr 80% ET C increased transpiration rate 17.6%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Spr 80% ET Ce0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- incremente0
- Value
- 17.6%e0
- Comparator
- FIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spr 80% ET C resulted in an increment of 25.6%, 17.6%, 35.4%, and 17.5% in net-photosynthetic rate (P n ), transpiration rate (T r ), stomatal conductance (G s ), and intercellular CO 2 concentration (C i ), respectively, over FI.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Spr 80% ET C increased stomatal conductance 35.4%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Spr 80% ET Ce0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- incremente0
- Value
- 35.4%e0
- Comparator
- FIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spr 80% ET C resulted in an increment of 25.6%, 17.6%, 35.4%, and 17.5% in net-photosynthetic rate (P n ), transpiration rate (T r ), stomatal conductance (G s ), and intercellular CO 2 concentration (C i ), respectively, over FI.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Spr 80% ET C increased intercellular CO2 concentration 17.5%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Spr 80% ET Ce0
- Outcome
- intercellular CO 2 concentratione0
- Direction
- incremente0
- Value
- 17.5%e0
- Comparator
- FIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spr 80% ET C resulted in an increment of 25.6%, 17.6%, 35.4%, and 17.5% in net-photosynthetic rate (P n ), transpiration rate (T r ), stomatal conductance (G s ), and intercellular CO 2 concentration (C i ), respectively, over FI.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
PNM 3 gave net photosynthetic rate of 15.69 µ mol CO2 m−2 s−1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- PNM 3e0
- Outcome
- P ne0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 15.69 µ mol CO 2 m −2 s −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PNM 3 resulted in a significant ( p =0.05) improvement in photosynthetic characters like P n (15.69 µ mol CO 2 m −2 s −1 ), T r (7.03 m mol H 2 O m −2 s− 1 ), G s (0.175 µmol CO 2 mol −1 year −1 ), and C i (271.7 mol H 2 O m 2 s −1 ).”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
PNM 3 gave transpiration rate of 7.03 m mol H2O m−2 s−1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- PNM 3e0
- Outcome
- T re0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 7.03 m mol H 2 O m −2 s− 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PNM 3 resulted in a significant ( p =0.05) improvement in photosynthetic characters like P n (15.69 µ mol CO 2 m −2 s −1 ), T r (7.03 m mol H 2 O m −2 s− 1 ), G s (0.175 µmol CO 2 mol −1 year −1 ), and C i (271.7 mol H 2 O m 2 s −1 ).”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
PNM 3 gave stomatal conductance of 0.175 µmol CO2 mol−1 year−1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- PNM 3e0
- Outcome
- G se0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 0.175 µmol CO 2 mol −1 year −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PNM 3 resulted in a significant ( p =0.05) improvement in photosynthetic characters like P n (15.69 µ mol CO 2 m −2 s −1 ), T r (7.03 m mol H 2 O m −2 s− 1 ), G s (0.175 µmol CO 2 mol −1 year −1 ), and C i (271.7 mol H 2 O m 2 s −1 ).”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
PNM 3 gave intercellular CO2 concentration of 271.7 mol H2O m2 s−1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- PNM 3e0
- Outcome
- C ie0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 271.7 mol H 2 O m 2 s −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PNM 3 resulted in a significant ( p =0.05) improvement in photosynthetic characters like P n (15.69 µ mol CO 2 m −2 s −1 ), T r (7.03 m mol H 2 O m −2 s− 1 ), G s (0.175 µmol CO 2 mol −1 year −1 ), and C i (271.7 mol H 2 O m 2 s −1 ).”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SPAD-guided nitrogen top dressing enhanced SPAD values by 27% and 30%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen (N) top dressing through SPAD-guided nutrient managemente0
- Outcome
- SPADe0
- Direction
- Enhancemente0
- Value
- 27% and 30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Enhancement in SPAD (27% and 30%) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (42% and 52%) values were observed with nitrogen (N) top dressing through SPAD-guided nutrient management”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SPAD-guided nitrogen top dressing enhanced NDVI by 42% and 52%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen (N) top dressing through SPAD-guided nutrient managemente0
- Outcome
- normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)e0
- Direction
- Enhancemente0
- Value
- 42% and 52%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Enhancement in SPAD (27% and 30%) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (42% and 52%) values were observed with nitrogen (N) top dressing through SPAD-guided nutrient management”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Sensor-guided nitrogen enhanced growth indices, dry matter partitioning, and light interception.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- crop growth indices, coupled with better dry matter partitioning and interception of sunlighte0
- Direction
- enhancee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“helped enhance crop growth indices, coupled with better dry matter partitioning and interception of sunlight.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkler irrigation reduced canopy temperature depression by 3.09–4.66°C.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- sprinkler irrigatione0
- Outcome
- Canopy temperature depression (CTD)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 3.09–4.66°Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Canopy temperature depression (CTD) in soybean reduced by 3.09–4.66°C due to adoption of sprinkler irrigation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spr 60% ETc had highest irrigation water productivity at 1.08 kg ha−1 m−3.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Spr 60% ETce0
- Outcome
- irrigation water productivitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.08 kg ha −1 m −3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spr 60% ETc recorded highest irrigation water productivity (1.08 kg ha −1 m −3 ).”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Spr 80% ETc enhanced economic water productivity to 27.5 INR ha−1 m−3.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Spr 80% ETce0
- Outcome
- economic water productivitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 27.5 INR ha −1 m −3e0
- Comparator
- conventional cultivatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic water productivity (27.5 INR ha −1 m −3 ) and water-use efficiency (7.6 kg ha −1 mm −1 day −1 ) of soybean got enhanced under Spr 80% ETc over conventional cultivation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spr 80% ETc enhanced water-use efficiency to 7.6 kg ha−1 mm−1 day−1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Spr 80% ETce0
- Outcome
- water-use efficiencye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 7.6 kg ha −1 mm −1 day −1e0
- Comparator
- conventional cultivatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic water productivity (27.5 INR ha −1 m −3 ) and water-use efficiency (7.6 kg ha −1 mm −1 day −1 ) of soybean got enhanced under Spr 80% ETc over conventional cultivation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Physiological, growth, and yield parameters were positively correlated.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- physiological, growth, and yield parameterse0
Not reportedOrgan / stageComparatorSettingDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Multiple correlation and PCA showed a positive correlation between physiological, growth, and yield parameters of soybean.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spr 80% ET C plus PNM 3 yielded 2.63 t ha−1 grain, higher than other combinations.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Spr 80% ET C with PNM 3e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.63 t ha −1e0
- Comparator
- other combinationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spr 80% ET C with PNM 3 recorded significantly higher grain yield (2.63 t ha −1 ) and biological yield (8.37 t ha −1 ) over other combinations.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Spr 80% ET C plus PNM 3 yielded 8.37 t ha−1 biomass, higher than other combinations.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Spr 80% ET C with PNM 3e0
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 8.37 t ha −1e0
- Comparator
- other combinationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spr 80% ET C with PNM 3 recorded significantly higher grain yield (2.63 t ha −1 ) and biological yield (8.37 t ha −1 ) over other combinations.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SCI under sprinkler irrigation performed better than conventional practice.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- SCI protocols under sprinkler irrigatione0
- Outcome
- performancee0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- conventional practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“performance of SCI protocols under sprinkler irrigation was found to be superior over conventional practices.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend integrating SCI with sensor-guided nutrients and irrigation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- integrating SCI with sensor-based precision nutrient and irrigation managemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“integrating SCI with sensor-based precision nutrient and irrigation management could be a viable option for enhancing the crop productivity and enhance the resource-use efficiency in soybean under similar agro-ecological regions.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.