Abstract
Shading-induced soybean stem lodging is a prevalent concern in the maize ( Zea mays L .)-soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr .) strip intercropping system, leading to a substantial decline in yield. Nevertheless, the associations between soybean growth, stem lodging, and yield formation in this scenario remain unclear. To investigate this, the logistic and beta growth models were utilized to analyze the growth process of soybean organs (stems, leaves, branches, and pods) and the accumulation of carbohydrates (lignin, cellulose, and sucrose) at three planting densities (8.5, 10, and 12.5 plants m −2 ) in both strip intercropping and skip strip monoculture systems. The results indicate that shading stress caused by maize in the intercropping system reduced lignin and cellulose accumulation in soybean stems, thus decelerating soybean organ growth compared to monoculture. Furthermore, intercropped soybean at higher planting density (PD3) exhibited a 28% reduction in the maximum dry matter growth rate ( c m ) and a 11% decrease in the time taken to reach the maximum dry matter growth rate ( t e ) compared to the lower planting density (PD1). Additionally, a 29% decrease in the maximum accumulation rate ( c max ) of sucrose, lignin, and cellulose was observed, along with a 13% decrease in the continuous accumulation time ( t c ) of these carbohydrates in intercropped soybean at PD3. Interspecific and intraspecific shading stress led to a preferential allocation of assimilates into soybean stems, enhancing plant height during the initial stage, while at later stages, a greater proportion of sucrose was allocated to leaves. Consequently, this hindered the conversion of sucrose into lignin and cellulose within the stems, ultimately resulting in a reduction in the lodging resistance index ( LRI ). Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the effects of shading stress on soybean growth and yield. It also emphasizes how optimizing planting density in intercropping systems can effectively alleviate shading stress and enhance crop productivity.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Maize shading reduced lignin accumulation in soybean stems relative to monoculture.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- shading stress caused by maize in the intercropping systeme0
- Outcome
- lignin and cellulose accumulation in soybean stemse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- monoculturee0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shading stress caused by maize in the intercropping system reduced lignin and cellulose accumulation in soybean stems, thus decelerating soybean organ growth compared to monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize shading decelerated soybean organ growth relative to monoculture.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- shading stress caused by maize in the intercropping systeme0
- Outcome
- soybean organ growthe0
- Direction
- deceleratinge0
- Comparator
- monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shading stress caused by maize in the intercropping system reduced lignin and cellulose accumulation in soybean stems, thus decelerating soybean organ growth compared to monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher planting density reduced maximum dry matter growth rate by 28% in intercropped soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- higher planting density (PD3)e0
- Outcome
- maximum dry matter growth rate ( c m )e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Comparator
- lower planting density (PD1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intercropped soybean at higher planting density (PD3) exhibited a 28% reduction in the maximum dry matter growth rate ( c m ) and a 11% decrease in the time taken to reach the maximum dry matter growth rate ( t e ) compared to the lower planting density (PD1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher planting density decreased time to maximum dry matter growth rate by 11% in intercropped soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- higher planting density (PD3)e0
- Outcome
- time taken to reach the maximum dry matter growth rate ( t e )e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 11%e0
- Comparator
- lower planting density (PD1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intercropped soybean at higher planting density (PD3) exhibited a 28% reduction in the maximum dry matter growth rate ( c m ) and a 11% decrease in the time taken to reach the maximum dry matter growth rate ( t e ) compared to the lower planting density (PD1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher density decreased maximum accumulation rate of sucrose, lignin, and cellulose by 29%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- PD3e0
- Outcome
- maximum accumulation rate ( c max ) of sucrose, lignin, and cellulosee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 29%e0
- Comparator
- lower planting density (PD1)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 29% decrease in the maximum accumulation rate ( c max ) of sucrose, lignin, and cellulose was observed, along with a 13% decrease in the continuous accumulation time ( t c ) of these carbohydrates in intercropped soybean at PD3”
e1“compared to the lower planting density (PD1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher density decreased carbohydrate accumulation duration by 13%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- PD3e0
- Outcome
- continuous accumulation time ( t c ) of these carbohydratese0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 13%e0
- Comparator
- lower planting density (PD1)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 29% decrease in the maximum accumulation rate ( c max ) of sucrose, lignin, and cellulose was observed, along with a 13% decrease in the continuous accumulation time ( t c ) of these carbohydrates in intercropped soybean at PD3”
e1“compared to the lower planting density (PD1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading preferentially allocated assimilates to soybean stems and enhanced early plant height.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Interspecific and intraspecific shading stresse0
- Outcome
- preferential allocation of assimilates into soybean stemse0
- Qualifier
- initial stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Interspecific and intraspecific shading stress led to a preferential allocation of assimilates into soybean stems, enhancing plant height during the initial stage”
Claim · model-written summary
At later stages a greater share of sucrose was allocated to soybean leaves.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- greater proportion of sucrose was allocated to leavese0
- Qualifier
- later stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at later stages, a greater proportion of sucrose was allocated to leaves”
e1“assimilates into soybean stems”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading hindered sucrose conversion to stem lignin and cellulose, reducing lodging resistance index.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- reduction in the lodging resistance index ( LRI )e0
- Qualifier
- hindered the conversion of sucrose into lignin and cellulose within the stemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this hindered the conversion of sucrose into lignin and cellulose within the stems, ultimately resulting in a reduction in the lodging resistance index ( LRI )”
e1“assimilates into soybean stems”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend optimizing intercropping density to alleviate shading and enhance productivity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- optimizing planting density in intercropping systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“optimizing planting density in intercropping systems can effectively alleviate shading stress and enhance crop productivity”
e1“soybean growth and yield”
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