Abstract
Abstract The aim of this study was to identify effects of carbonized organic material (“biochar”) on soybean growth, root nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation, and to elucidate possible underlying mechanisms. Soybean ( Glycine max L.) was grown in four arable soils amended with carbonized organic material produced from wood or maize as feedstocks, by pyrolysis (“pyrochar”) or hydrothermal carbonization (“hydrochar”). Nodulation by Bradyrhizobium , biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) assessed by 15 N techniques, plant growth, nutrient uptake and changes in chemical soil properties after soil amendment were determined. Data were analyzed by means of a three way ANOVA on the factors soil, carbonization technique and feedstock. It turned out that soybean root nodulation and BNF was influenced by the carbonization technique used to prepare the soil amendment. Hydrochar, in average and across all soils, increased nodule dry matter and BNF by factors of 3.4 and 2.3, respectively, considerably more than pyrochar, which led to 1.8 and 1.2 fold increases, respectively. Nodule dry matter and BNF correlated positively with available soil sulfur and negatively with available soil nitrogen. Hydrochars provided more available sulfur than pyrochars, and hydrochars caused a decrease in nitrogen availability in the soil solution, thereby exerting a positive influence on nodulation and BNF. Pyrochar amendment increased soil pH but had no effect on nodulation and BNF. Plant growth was affected by the soil and by the feedstock used for the “biochar”, and increased slightly more in treatments with pyrochar and hydrochar made from maize, which was richer in nitrogen and potassium. The results show that carbonized organic materials, and specifically hydrochar, have the capacity to increase BNF in soils. We suggest that this enhancement in BNF in response to soil amendments with carbonized organic materials is due to an increase in available sulfur and a reduction of available soil nitrogen.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrochar increased soybean nodule dry matter by a factor of 3.4.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- Hydrochare0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium
Bradyrhizobiume0symbiont - Outcome
- nodule dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.4e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nodulation by Bradyrhizobium , biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) assessed by 15 N techniques, plant growth, nutrient uptake and changes in chemical soil properties after soil amendment were determined. Data were analyzed by means of a three way ANOVA on the factors soil, carbonization technique and feedstock. It turned out that soybean root nodulation and BNF was influenced by the carbonization technique used to prepare the soil amendment. Hydrochar, in average and across all soils, increased nodule dry matter and BNF by factors of 3.4 and 2.3, respectively”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrochar increased soybean BNF by a factor of 2.3.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydrochar, in average and across all soils, increased nodule dry matter and BNF by factors of 3.4 and 2.3, respectively”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrochar increased soybean nodule dry matter 1.8 fold.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- pyrochare0
- Outcome
- nodule dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 1.8e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydrochar, in average and across all soils, increased nodule dry matter and BNF by factors of 3.4 and 2.3, respectively, considerably more than pyrochar, which led to 1.8 and 1.2 fold increases, respectively”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrochar increased soybean BNF 1.2 fold.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydrochar, in average and across all soils, increased nodule dry matter and BNF by factors of 3.4 and 2.3, respectively, considerably more than pyrochar, which led to 1.8 and 1.2 fold increases, respectively”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nodule dry matter and BNF correlated positively with available soil sulfur.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Compound
- sulfure0
- Outcome
- Nodule dry matter and BNFe0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nodule dry matter and BNF correlated positively with available soil sulfur”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nodule dry matter and BNF correlated negatively with available soil nitrogen.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Compound
- nitrogene0
- Outcome
- Nodule dry matter and BNFe0
- Direction
- negativelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nodule dry matter and BNF correlated positively with available soil sulfur and negatively with available soil nitrogen”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrochars supplied more available sulfur than pyrochars.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Hydrocharse0
- Outcome
- available sulfure0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- pyrocharse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydrochars provided more available sulfur than pyrochars”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrochars decreased nitrogen availability in soil solution.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- hydrocharse0
- Outcome
- nitrogen availability in the soil solutione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hydrochars caused a decrease in nitrogen availability in the soil solution”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrochar increased soil pH.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Pyrochar amendmente0
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pyrochar amendment increased soil pH”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrochar had no effect on soybean nodulation and BNF.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Pyrochar amendmente0
- Outcome
- nodulation and BNFe0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pyrochar amendment increased soil pH but had no effect on nodulation and BNF”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean growth differed by soil and char feedstock.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- feedstocke0
- Outcome
- Plant growthe0
- Setting
- soile0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant growth was affected by the soil and by the feedstock used for the “biochar””
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean growth rose slightly more with maize-derived pyrochar and hydrochar.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- pyrochar and hydrochar made from maizee0
- Outcome
- Plant growthe0
- Direction
- increased slightly moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant growth was affected by the soil and by the feedstock used for the “biochar”, and increased slightly more in treatments with pyrochar and hydrochar made from maize”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attribute increased BNF to more available sulfur and less available soil nitrogen.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- soil amendments with carbonized organic materialse0
- Compound
- sulfure0
- Outcome
- BNFe0
- Qualifier
- reduction of available soil nitrogene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this enhancement in BNF in response to soil amendments with carbonized organic materials is due to an increase in available sulfur and a reduction of available soil nitrogen”
t0“soybean”
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