Abstract
The effect of shading during seed development on subsequent germination remains largely unknown. In this study, two soybean (Glycine max) seed production systems, monocropping (MC) and maize-soybean intercropping (IC), were employed to examine the effects of shading of the mother plant on subsequent seed germination. Compared to the MC soybean seeds, which received light, the developing IC seeds were exposed to shade resulting from the taller neighboring maize plants. The IC seeds germinated faster than the MC seeds, although there was no significant difference in the thickness of the seed coat. The concentration of soluble pro-anthocyanidin in the IC seed coat was significantly lower than that in the MC seed coat. Changes in the concentrations of several types of fatty acids in IC seeds were also observed, the nature of which were consistent with the effect on germination. The expression levels of genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis were down-regulated in IC seeds, while the transcription levels of the genes related to gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis were up-regulated. This was consistently reflected in decreased ABA concentrations and increased active GA4 concentrations in IC seeds, resulting in an increased GA4/ABA ratio. Our results thus indicated that shading of the mother plant during seed development in soybean promoted subsequent germination by mediating the biosynthesis of pro-anthocyanidins, fatty acids, and phytohormones.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean seeds from intercropping germinated faster than seeds from monocropping.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Shading of the mother plant during seed development promotes subsequent seed germination in soybean”
e0“The IC seeds germinated faster than the MC seeds, although there was no significant difference in the thickness of the seed coat”
e1“Compared to the MC soybean seeds, which received light, the developing IC seeds were exposed to shade resulting from the taller neighboring maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed coat thickness did not differ between intercropped and monocropped soybean seeds.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Outcome
- thickness of the seed coate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Shading of the mother plant during seed development promotes subsequent seed germination in soybean”
e0“The IC seeds germinated faster than the MC seeds, although there was no significant difference in the thickness of the seed coat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble pro-anthocyanidin concentration was significantly lower in the intercropped seed coat than in monocropped seed coat.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- shadee1
- Outcome
- concentration of soluble pro-anthocyanidine2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Comparator
- MC seed coate2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Shading of the mother plant during seed development promotes subsequent seed germination in soybean”
e1“Compared to the MC soybean seeds, which received light, the developing IC seeds were exposed to shade resulting from the taller neighboring maize plants”
e2“The concentration of soluble pro-anthocyanidin in the IC seed coat was significantly lower than that in the MC seed coat”
Claim · model-written summary
Concentrations of several fatty acid types changed in intercropped soybean seeds.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- concentrations of several types of fatty acidse3
- Qualifier
- in IC seedse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Shading of the mother plant during seed development promotes subsequent seed germination in soybean”
e3“Changes in the concentrations of several types of fatty acids in IC seeds were also observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression of genes for abscisic acid biosynthesis was down-regulated in intercropped seeds under shade.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- shadee1
- Gene
- genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesise4
- Outcome
- expression levelse4
- Direction
- down-regulatede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Shading of the mother plant during seed development promotes subsequent seed germination in soybean”
e1“Compared to the MC soybean seeds, which received light, the developing IC seeds were exposed to shade resulting from the taller neighboring maize plants”
e4“The expression levels of genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis were down-regulated in IC seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcription of gibberellin biosynthesis genes was up-regulated in intercropped seeds under shade.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- shadee1
- Gene
- genes related to gibberellin (GA) biosynthesise5
- Outcome
- transcription levelse5
- Direction
- up-regulatede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Shading of the mother plant during seed development promotes subsequent seed germination in soybean”
e1“Compared to the MC soybean seeds, which received light, the developing IC seeds were exposed to shade resulting from the taller neighboring maize plants”
e5“while the transcription levels of the genes related to gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis were up-regulated”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA concentrations decreased in intercropped soybean seeds under shade.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- shadee1
- Outcome
- ABA concentrationse6
- Direction
- decreasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Shading of the mother plant during seed development promotes subsequent seed germination in soybean”
e1“Compared to the MC soybean seeds, which received light, the developing IC seeds were exposed to shade resulting from the taller neighboring maize plants”
e6“This was consistently reflected in decreased ABA concentrations and increased active GA4 concentrations in IC seeds, resulting in an increased GA4/ABA ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Active GA4 concentrations increased in intercropped soybean seeds under shade.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- shadee1
- Outcome
- active GA4 concentrationse6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Shading of the mother plant during seed development promotes subsequent seed germination in soybean”
e1“Compared to the MC soybean seeds, which received light, the developing IC seeds were exposed to shade resulting from the taller neighboring maize plants”
e6“This was consistently reflected in decreased ABA concentrations and increased active GA4 concentrations in IC seeds, resulting in an increased GA4/ABA ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
The GA4/ABA ratio increased in intercropped soybean seeds under shade.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- shadee1
- Outcome
- GA4/ABA ratioe6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Shading of the mother plant during seed development promotes subsequent seed germination in soybean”
e1“Compared to the MC soybean seeds, which received light, the developing IC seeds were exposed to shade resulting from the taller neighboring maize plants”
e6“This was consistently reflected in decreased ABA concentrations and increased active GA4 concentrations in IC seeds, resulting in an increased GA4/ABA ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading of the mother plant promoted soybean seed germination by mediating pro-anthocyanidin, fatty acid and phytohormone biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- shading of the mother plant during seed developmente7
- Outcome
- subsequent germinatione7
- Qualifier
- by mediating the biosynthesis of pro-anthocyanidins, fatty acids, and phytohormonese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Shading of the mother plant during seed development promotes subsequent seed germination in soybean”
e7“Our results thus indicated that shading of the mother plant during seed development in soybean promoted subsequent germination by mediating the biosynthesis of pro-anthocyanidins, fatty acids, and phytohormones”
The same questions in other papers
shade · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 26 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
34 papers more in this group
See all 38 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.