Abstract
Precise nitrogen (N) supply is an agronomic practice of crucial importance to achieve optimal crop performance without compromising product quality. However, excessive use of synthetic N fertilizers may have deleterious effects on both agroecosystem and human health. Thus, the development and use of strategies aiming to ameliorate the losses caused by water constraints and N deficiency are essential for fostering resilient and sustainable agroecosystems. In this regard, the impact of three drought stress levels (DS) [100%, 80% and 60% of the field capacity (FC)] in combination with four N supply rates (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha−1) on sweet basil cultivated in a protected environment was investigated. The interactive biostimulatory action of Kelpstar® seaweed extract (SWE) and Tyson® protein hydrolysate (PH) was also explored. The study focused on the effects of these treatments on yield, physiological attributes, functional traits, and volatile compounds profile. Drought stress led to a reduction in yield by 12.5% and 21.1% under irrigation at 80% and 60% FC, respectively, compared to well-watered plots (100% FC). Furthermore, drought stress levels linearly decreased total leaf area (-15.4% and -26.2% for DS80 and DS60, respectively), stomatal conductance (-14.2% and 34.1% for DS80 and DS60, respectively), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) (4.0% and 10.0% for DS80 and DS60, respectively), and volatile compounds, such as trans-2-hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol and α-bergamotene. Conversely, an increase in N application rate positively influenced yield (8.6% and 12.2% for N100 and N150, respectively), total leaf area (22.2% and 16.5% for N100 and N150, respectively), specific leaf area (SLA), total chlorophyll (7.7% for N150), nitrate content, and the presence of specific volatile compounds, such as 1-octen-3-ol and α-bergamotene, when compared to no N application. Seaweed extract application caused an upsurge in yield (+17.5%), stomatal conductance (+25.8%), WP (+13.5%), total chlorophyll (+2.3%), nitrate (+3.4%), phenolics (+14.2), ascorbic acid (+28.2), as well as, 1-octen-3-ol, β-cis-ocimene, linalool and eugenol, compared to the control. Similarly, plant protein hydrolysate increased yield (+16.1), stomatal conductance (+10.4), WP (+13.7), total chlorophyll (+4.3), phenolics (+10.7%), ascorbic acid (+9.7%), β-cis-ocimene and eugenol, compared to the control. Notably, the increased yield, improved quality, and enchanced physiological traits observed after biostimulant application, especially under drought stress or N deficiency conditions, underscore the potential role of biostimulants in increasing resilience of basil plants. Thus, the foliar application of SWE and PH offer a valuable strategy for enhancing plant yield and quality under sub-optimal conditions, while simultaneously enhancing water and N use efficiency.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 80% field capacity reduced basil yield by 12.5% relative to well-watered plots.
- Taxon
- basil
Ocimum basilicumt0 - Treatment
- 80%e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 12.5%e0
- Comparator
- well-watered plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress led to a reduction in yield by 12.5% and 21.1% under irrigation at 80% and 60% FC, respectively, compared to well-watered plots (100% FC).”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 60% field capacity reduced basil yield by 21.1% relative to well-watered plots.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- 60% FCe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 21.1%e0
- Comparator
- well-watered plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress led to a reduction in yield by 12.5% and 21.1% under irrigation at 80% and 60% FC, respectively, compared to well-watered plots (100% FC).”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
DS80 decreased total leaf area by 15.4%, stomatal conductance by 14.2% and nitrogen use efficiency by 4.0%.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- DS80e0
- Outcome
- total leaf areae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- -15.4%e0
- Qualifier
- stomatal conductance (-14.2% and 34.1% for DS80 and DS60, respectively), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) (4.0% and 10.0% for DS80 and DS60, respectively)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Grouped valued outcomes to meet the 20-claim cap.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, drought stress levels linearly decreased total leaf area (-15.4% and -26.2% for DS80 and DS60, respectively), stomatal conductance (-14.2% and 34.1% for DS80 and DS60, respectively), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) (4.0% and 10.0% for DS80 and DS60, respectively), and volatile compounds, such as trans-2-hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol and α-bergamotene.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
DS60 decreased total leaf area by 26.2%, stomatal conductance by a reported 34.1% and nitrogen use efficiency by 10.0%.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- DS60e0
- Outcome
- total leaf areae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- -26.2%e0
- Qualifier
- stomatal conductance (-14.2% and 34.1% for DS80 and DS60, respectively), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) (4.0% and 10.0% for DS80 and DS60, respectively)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Grouped valued outcomes to meet the 20-claim cap.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, drought stress levels linearly decreased total leaf area (-15.4% and -26.2% for DS80 and DS60, respectively), stomatal conductance (-14.2% and 34.1% for DS80 and DS60, respectively), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) (4.0% and 10.0% for DS80 and DS60, respectively), and volatile compounds, such as trans-2-hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol and α-bergamotene.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced trans-2-hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol and α-bergamotene.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- trans-2-hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol and α-bergamotenee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, drought stress levels linearly decreased total leaf area (-15.4% and -26.2% for DS80 and DS60, respectively), stomatal conductance (-14.2% and 34.1% for DS80 and DS60, respectively), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) (4.0% and 10.0% for DS80 and DS60, respectively), and volatile compounds, such as trans-2-hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol and α-bergamotene.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
N100 increased yield by 8.6% and total leaf area by 22.2% versus no nitrogen.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- N100e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 8.6%e0
- Qualifier
- total leaf area (22.2% and 16.5% for N100 and N150, respectively)e0
- Comparator
- no N applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Grouped valued outcomes to meet the 20-claim cap.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, an increase in N application rate positively influenced yield (8.6% and 12.2% for N100 and N150, respectively), total leaf area (22.2% and 16.5% for N100 and N150, respectively), specific leaf area (SLA), total chlorophyll (7.7% for N150), nitrate content, and the presence of specific volatile compounds, such as 1-octen-3-ol and α-bergamotene, when compared to no N application.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
N150 increased yield by 12.2%, total leaf area by 16.5% and total chlorophyll by 7.7% versus no nitrogen.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- N150e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 12.2%e0
- Qualifier
- total leaf area (22.2% and 16.5% for N100 and N150, respectively), specific leaf area (SLA), total chlorophyll (7.7% for N150)e0
- Comparator
- no N applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Grouped valued outcomes to meet the 20-claim cap.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, an increase in N application rate positively influenced yield (8.6% and 12.2% for N100 and N150, respectively), total leaf area (22.2% and 16.5% for N100 and N150, respectively), specific leaf area (SLA), total chlorophyll (7.7% for N150), nitrate content, and the presence of specific volatile compounds, such as 1-octen-3-ol and α-bergamotene, when compared to no N application.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen application increased specific leaf area and nitrate content relative to no nitrogen.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- N application ratee0
- Outcome
- specific leaf area (SLA)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- nitrate contente0
- Comparator
- no N applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, an increase in N application rate positively influenced yield (8.6% and 12.2% for N100 and N150, respectively), total leaf area (22.2% and 16.5% for N100 and N150, respectively), specific leaf area (SLA), total chlorophyll (7.7% for N150), nitrate content, and the presence of specific volatile compounds, such as 1-octen-3-ol and α-bergamotene, when compared to no N application.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen application increased the presence of 1-octen-3-ol and α-bergamotene versus no nitrogen.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- N application ratee0
- Outcome
- 1-octen-3-ol and α-bergamotenee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- no N applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, an increase in N application rate positively influenced yield (8.6% and 12.2% for N100 and N150, respectively), total leaf area (22.2% and 16.5% for N100 and N150, respectively), specific leaf area (SLA), total chlorophyll (7.7% for N150), nitrate content, and the presence of specific volatile compounds, such as 1-octen-3-ol and α-bergamotene, when compared to no N application.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Seaweed extract increased yield by 17.5% versus control.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- Seaweed extract applicatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- upsurgee0
- Value
- +17.5%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seaweed extract application caused an upsurge in yield (+17.5%), stomatal conductance (+25.8%), WP (+13.5%), total chlorophyll (+2.3%), nitrate (+3.4%), phenolics (+14.2), ascorbic acid (+28.2), as well as, 1-octen-3-ol, β-cis-ocimene, linalool and eugenol, compared to the control.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Seaweed extract increased stomatal conductance by 25.8% and WP by 13.5% versus control.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- Seaweed extract applicatione0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- upsurgee0
- Value
- +25.8%e0
- Qualifier
- WP (+13.5%)e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Grouped valued outcomes to meet the 20-claim cap.
Verbatim
e0“Seaweed extract application caused an upsurge in yield (+17.5%), stomatal conductance (+25.8%), WP (+13.5%), total chlorophyll (+2.3%), nitrate (+3.4%), phenolics (+14.2), ascorbic acid (+28.2), as well as, 1-octen-3-ol, β-cis-ocimene, linalool and eugenol, compared to the control.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Seaweed extract increased total chlorophyll by 2.3% and nitrate by 3.4% versus control.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- Seaweed extract applicatione0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- upsurgee0
- Value
- +2.3%e0
- Qualifier
- nitrate (+3.4%)e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Grouped valued outcomes to meet the 20-claim cap.
Verbatim
e0“Seaweed extract application caused an upsurge in yield (+17.5%), stomatal conductance (+25.8%), WP (+13.5%), total chlorophyll (+2.3%), nitrate (+3.4%), phenolics (+14.2), ascorbic acid (+28.2), as well as, 1-octen-3-ol, β-cis-ocimene, linalool and eugenol, compared to the control.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Seaweed extract increased phenolics by a reported +14.2 and ascorbic acid by +28.2 versus control.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- Seaweed extract applicatione0
- Outcome
- phenolicse0
- Direction
- upsurgee0
- Value
- +14.2e0
- Qualifier
- ascorbic acid (+28.2)e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Grouped valued outcomes to meet the 20-claim cap.
Verbatim
e0“Seaweed extract application caused an upsurge in yield (+17.5%), stomatal conductance (+25.8%), WP (+13.5%), total chlorophyll (+2.3%), nitrate (+3.4%), phenolics (+14.2), ascorbic acid (+28.2), as well as, 1-octen-3-ol, β-cis-ocimene, linalool and eugenol, compared to the control.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Seaweed extract increased 1-octen-3-ol and β-cis-ocimene versus control.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- Seaweed extract applicatione0
- Outcome
- 1-octen-3-ol, β-cis-ocimenee0
- Direction
- upsurgee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seaweed extract application caused an upsurge in yield (+17.5%), stomatal conductance (+25.8%), WP (+13.5%), total chlorophyll (+2.3%), nitrate (+3.4%), phenolics (+14.2), ascorbic acid (+28.2), as well as, 1-octen-3-ol, β-cis-ocimene, linalool and eugenol, compared to the control.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Seaweed extract increased linalool and eugenol versus control.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- Seaweed extract applicatione0
- Outcome
- linalool and eugenole0
- Direction
- upsurgee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seaweed extract application caused an upsurge in yield (+17.5%), stomatal conductance (+25.8%), WP (+13.5%), total chlorophyll (+2.3%), nitrate (+3.4%), phenolics (+14.2), ascorbic acid (+28.2), as well as, 1-octen-3-ol, β-cis-ocimene, linalool and eugenol, compared to the control.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant protein hydrolysate increased yield by +16.1 versus control.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- plant protein hydrolysatee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- +16.1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, plant protein hydrolysate increased yield (+16.1), stomatal conductance (+10.4), WP (+13.7), total chlorophyll (+4.3), phenolics (+10.7%), ascorbic acid (+9.7%), β-cis-ocimene and eugenol, compared to the control.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant protein hydrolysate increased stomatal conductance by +10.4 and WP by +13.7 versus control.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- plant protein hydrolysatee0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- +10.4e0
- Qualifier
- WP (+13.7)e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Grouped valued outcomes to meet the 20-claim cap.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, plant protein hydrolysate increased yield (+16.1), stomatal conductance (+10.4), WP (+13.7), total chlorophyll (+4.3), phenolics (+10.7%), ascorbic acid (+9.7%), β-cis-ocimene and eugenol, compared to the control.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant protein hydrolysate increased total chlorophyll by +4.3, phenolics by 10.7% and ascorbic acid by 9.7% versus control.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- plant protein hydrolysatee0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- +4.3e0
- Qualifier
- phenolics (+10.7%), ascorbic acid (+9.7%)e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Grouped valued outcomes to meet the 20-claim cap.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, plant protein hydrolysate increased yield (+16.1), stomatal conductance (+10.4), WP (+13.7), total chlorophyll (+4.3), phenolics (+10.7%), ascorbic acid (+9.7%), β-cis-ocimene and eugenol, compared to the control.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant protein hydrolysate increased β-cis-ocimene and eugenol versus control.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- plant protein hydrolysatee0
- Outcome
- β-cis-ocimene and eugenole0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, plant protein hydrolysate increased yield (+16.1), stomatal conductance (+10.4), WP (+13.7), total chlorophyll (+4.3), phenolics (+10.7%), ascorbic acid (+9.7%), β-cis-ocimene and eugenol, compared to the control.”
t0“basil”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend foliar SWE and PH for yield, quality, water and nitrogen use efficiency under suboptimal conditions, especially drought or nitrogen deficiency.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Outcome
- foliar application of SWE and PHe1
- Qualifier
- especially under drought stress or N deficiency conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Notably, the increased yield, improved quality, and enchanced physiological traits observed after biostimulant application, especially under drought stress or N deficiency conditions, underscore the potential role of biostimulants in increasing resilience of basil plants.”
e1“Thus, the foliar application of SWE and PH offer a valuable strategy for enhancing plant yield and quality under sub-optimal conditions, while simultaneously enhancing water and N use efficiency.”
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